Oxyeleotris+marmorata

//Oxyeleotris marmorata// (Bleeker, 1852)



toc =Introduction=

You might have heard of Soon Hock, or might have even tasted it before. The common Soon Hock is more widely used in Singapore. The scientific name of Soon Hock is //Oxyeleotris marmorata//, and it is a rather expensive delicacy in Singapore as well as in many other Asian countries 1]. Apart from catching them from the wild, Soon Hock can also be reared. The understanding of their biology, such as the living environment and feeding habits, might allow more effective management of Soon Hock farms. It might also be interesting to see how Soon Hock can be suitable for aquaponics, which might be a potential form of sustainable food production 2].

=Biology=

Habitat
Soon Hock can be found in freshwater and brackish water 3]. Example of such environments are rivers, swamps, reservoirs and canals 4]. They only migrate within freshwater 5] and prefer non-moving water with dense aqua flora 3]. Juveniles are found in moving streams with substrates such as rocks and sand 3]. Soon Hock can also survive without water for a few days 6]. It was also observed that they air breathe by holding air in their mouths 7]. Soon Hock of average size of 81 g can live well in water with 4.5 to 7.8 ppm dissolved oxygen, a pH range of 6.6 to 7.3 and a temperature range of 27 to 31.4 degree Celsius 8]. However, there is no published Information on the tolerance limits of Soon Hock 8].

Feeding habits
Soon Hock is carnivorous and feeds on various other organisms such as small fish, molluscs, crabs, shrimps and aquatic insects 4]. In nature, they are usually motionless and ambush their prey 8]. Their cryptic colour allows them to camouflage (Figure 1) and stay unnoticeable to their preys. Although artificial feed might be preferred to live feed when rearing fish because of factors such as cost and food safety 9], fingerlings of Soon Hock have higher survival rates when fed with live feed compared to artificial feed 10]. However, artificial feed for fingerlings of many carnivorous fish has not been well developed yet 9] and it is only until recently that artificial feed is used in Soon Hock cultivation 8]. There are studies on more suitable artificial feeds for Soon Hock fingerlings 11] and more could be done in future. media type="youtube" key="sGlJwuIorig" width="420" height="315" Video 1. Marble goby weaned on artificial feed



The feeding behaviour, especially in the young stage, is not fully understood yet 10]. In a study 12], fingerlings (Figure 2) of this species exhibit three typical phases of feeding behaviour, namely aim, encounter and capture. Fingerlings subject to different duration of starvation exhibit different foraging behaviour. Soon Hock fingerlings subject to 1-day starvation are seen to display sit-and-wait predatory pattern. The usual foraging behaviour is hover search, where the fingerling will swim and then stay stationary before speeding towards prey. Under food deprivation, the fingerlings sneaked behind and chased prey through the water column. They attempted to catch every prey met in a single feeding action 12].

Reproduction
Soon Hock have distinct pairing mating behaviour 13]. However, not much is known about their mating behaviour. This species spawns at the beginning and end of each dry season. Sexual maturation occurs at an approximate length of 8 cm and fish at 15 to 30 cm can have 6,800 to 90,000 eggs 3].

 media type="youtube" key="e4sSij6m39k" width="560" height="315" Video 2. Soon Hock spawning in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) tank

=Distribution=

This species can be found in many southeast Asian waters, such as Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia 4,14].

 

This species was collected in various places in Singapore before, including Woodleigh, Sime Road forest, Lower Peirce Reservoir, Nee Soon Swamp forest, Lorong Banir, Sungei Seletar, Upper Seletar Reservoir, Sungei Punggol and Serangoon 15]. However, it is not limited to these mentioned places.

=Human Use=

Food fish
Soon Hock is a highly valued fish that is a delicacy to many countries in Asia, including Singapore. They are not only caught from the wild, but also reared in cages and ponds 9]. They are also frequently seen in restaurants and some supermarkets in Singapore.





Aquaculture
Besides rearing them in cages, they are also cultured in more controlled environments in aquaculture systems because of disease problems when rearing them in cages and ponds. Most the the problems faced when rearing them in cages and outdoor pond systems are related to poor water quality and the lack of suitable control of the system 1]. Live tilapia is found to be a highly suitable feed for culturing Soon Hock 1].

Aquaponics
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> Besides aquaculture, this species has also been used in aquaponics, which is a combination of aquaculture and hydroponics. Fish produce wastes which can be toxic to the fish themselves if they are not removed. However, the wastes can be nutrients to plants. Microbial breakdown of fish wastes or dissolved nutrients excreted by fish can be used by plants, which act as a filter, removing the wastes in the water 16].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">A study on optimal tank design for a recirculating aquaponic system and the feed type given to the fish (Soon Hock in this case) was conducted 17]. Figure 3 shows one of the many different designs of an aquaponics system that can be used. This setup used Soon Hock and water spinach (//kangkong//). Live food such as tilapia, as compared to minced fish (scads) produced less waste and gave the highest fish growth. Feed conversion efficiency was also the highest when the fish were fed with live food 17]. This means that the conversion of feed given to the fish resulted in the greatest growth in the fish and vegetables.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;">

=Conservation status=

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Soon Hock (//Oxyeleotris marmorata//) is classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 18]. However, this species might be affected on a local scale by overfishing and pollution.

=Potential threats on the environment=

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Australia
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In South and Western Australia, this species is listed in the prohibited fish list 19,20]. It is against the law to possess or trade this fish without being authorised. This is because of the significant problem to the aquatic environment posed by this species in Australia 19,20], which may affect their native fish species.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Singapore
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Now found in both freshwater and brackish environments, Soon Hock occurred naturally only in brackish water habitats a few decades ago 21]. The colonisation of this fish in Singapore's freshwaters can be attributed to deliberate introduction by people 22]. This might have negative impacts on the native fish species, and thus the native biodiversity. Introduced fishes may direct affect native fish through predation, competition on food and habitat, diseases and parasites 23].

=Name=

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">**Binomial**: //Oxyeleotris marmorata// (Bleeker, 1852) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> This species was first described in 1852 by Bleeker under the genus //Eleotris// 24]. There is a bracket beside the species name because the species was later moved to another genus, the genus //Oxyeleotris//.

**Etymology (origin of the name)**: //Oxyeleotris:// Greek, oxys = sharp + the name of a Nile fish, eleotris 25]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Vernacular (common name)**: Marble goby, Soon hock

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">**Synonyms**: //Bostrichthys marmoratus// (Bleeker, 1852); //Callieleotris platycephalus// Fowler, 1934; //Eleotris marmorata// Bleeker, 1852; //Gigantogobius jordani// Fowler, 1905; //Oxyelectris marmoratus// (Bleeker, 1852) (misspelling); //Oxyeleotris marmoratus// (Bleeker, 1852) (misspelling) 26]

=Taxonavigation=

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">The hierarchical biological classification of this species can be seen in the table below. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">From: Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Kingdom || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Animalia ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Subkingdom || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Bilateria ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Infrakingdom || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Deuterostomia ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Phylum || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Chordata ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Subphylum || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Vertebrata ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Infraphylum || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Gnathostomata ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Superclass || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Osteichthyes ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Class || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Actinopterygii ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Subclass || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Neopterygii ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Infraclass || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Teleostei ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Superorder || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Acanthopterygii ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Order || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Perciformes ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Suborder || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Gobioidei ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Family || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Eleotridae ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Genus || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">//Oxyeleotris// Bleeker, 1874 ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Species || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">//Oxyeleotris marmorata// (Bleeker, 1852) ||

=Diagnosis=

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">This differentiation of this species from others will be covered in this section. Figure 4 might be useful in identifying the different parts of a fish.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> The members of the family Eleotridae might be confused with members of the family Gobiidae because of many similar aspects. They can be distinguished by looking at their pelvic fins (Figure 4). Members of the family Eleotridae have separate pelvic fins (Figure 5) that do not fuse together to form a sucker, unlike members of the family Gobiidae (Figure 6) 21]. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">The base of the second dorsal fin in members of the family Gobiidae (Figure 7) is much longer than the distance between the end of the second dorsal fin to the base of the caudal fin. The lengths of the second dorsal fin base and the caudal peduncle are about the same in members of Eleotridae (Figure 8) 27]. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">//Oxyeleotris marmorata// can be differentiated from other //Oxyeleotris// species by looking at the caudal fin. //Oxyeleotris marmorata// does not have black spots (ocelli) on its caudal base 28]. //Oxyeleotris urophthalmus//, another species in the same genus, has a black spot on the caudal base (Figure 9). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;">
 * [[image:separated.jpg caption="Figure 5. Pelvic fins separated in members of Eleotridae (Source: Inger & Chin, 2002; permission pending)"]] || [[image:joint.jpg width="459" height="194" caption="Figure 6. Pelvic fins united in members of Gobiidae. (Source: Inger & Chin, 2002; permission pending)"]] ||
 * [[image:Gobiidae.jpg width="640" height="271" caption="Figure 7. Base of second dorsal fin longer than caudal peduncle in Gobiidae. (Source: Larson & Murdy, 2001, © FAO, 2001 Order Perciformes: Gobioidei, p. 3579, FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, downloaded on 23 October, 2014)"]] ||
 * [[image:Eleotridae.jpg width="640" height="271" caption="Figure 8. Base of second dorsal fin about the same as caudal peduncle in Eleotridae. (Source: Larson & Murdy, 2001, © FAO, 2001 Order Perciformes: Gobioidei, p. 3579, FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, downloaded on 23 October, 2014)"]] ||

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.5;"> **Description**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> Refer to this link for the original description by Bleeker

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">The original description for this species was done by Bleeker 24]. It was first described under //Eleotris marmorata//, but was later moved to //Oxyeleotris marmorata//. The description of the species was in Latin. The bottom paragraph in Dutch from the original description is the brief diagnosis on the differentiation of this species from another species in the genus //Eleotris//. "vooral door haar fraai met bruin en oranje gemarmerd en gewolkt ligchaam" is translated to "its beautifully marbled orange with brown lines body".


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Colour **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">: The body is mostly dark brown above and pale brown underneath. The body generally has a series of large, dark blotches and the fins have black tinges alternating with white. The caudal peduncle, where the yellow arrow in figure 10 is, has a arrow-shaped blotch that points towards the head 4].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Fin composition**: A translucent membrane covers up the hard spines and/or soft rays, making up the fins of fish. Usually the spines are positioned nearer to the head if both spines and rays are present (Figure 10) 29].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Dorsal spines**: 7 in total

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Dorsal soft rays**: 9 to 10

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Anal spine**: 1

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Anal soft rays**: 8 or 9 30]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Scales**: 85 to 90 longitudinal series scales; 22 to 25 transverse series 30]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> Counting fin rays and scales

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Body**: Elongate body with cylindrical, blunt head. The mouth is about the same width as the eyes 4].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Sex determination**: Longer caudal fin and caudal peduncle lengths in male 31] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Link to article on the sex determination in //Oxyeleotris marmorata// (Bleeker, 1852) based on morphometric features

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> **Size**: Largest recorded total length of 65 cm 4]. Commonly reaches total length of 30 cm 3].

=Type information=

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">//Oxyeleotris marmorata// is the type specimen of the genus //Oxyeleotris// 14].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> The type locality is Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia 24].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> The paratype for //Callieleotris platycephalus//, one of the synonyms of //Oxyeleotris marmorata//, is stored in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (PANSP 86:67-163; Bangkok, 30 mi. up the Me Nam Chao Phya; collector deSchauensee).

=Phylogeny=

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">There is high uncertainty in the phylogenetic relationship in bony fish and most of the knowledge about higher-level relationships among fish groups are based on morphology. With the influx of molecular studies, there are many studies done on phylogenetic relationships that have some differences in the results from morphological studies on phylogenetic relationships 32].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Taxonomy based on morphology is done by studying the external features of the specimen, such as the shape, size, colour, patterns. Observations on the internal appearance through dissections are also part of a morphological study. Read more about morphological taxonomy here. A molecular study is different from a morphological study in that it uses DNA and protein sequencing, that is now made possible by technology. Read more about molecular taxonomy here.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> The order Perciformes is the largest vertebrate order and includes most marine fishes and also freshwater and brackish water groups. Approximately 23% of the species in the order Perciformes are gobioids (suborder Gobioidei). Gobioidei is monophyletic as confirmed by molecular phylogeny, and is consistent with morphological evidence 33]. From the analysis of molecular data, the family Eleotridae (excluding //Milyerina//, and including Xenisthmidae and Gobiidae) is monophyletic, corresponding to traditional taxonomy. The genus //Oxyeleotris// is not monophyletic, where //Oxyeleotris nullipora// is found outside the rest of the //Oxyeleotris// species (Figure 11) 32].

=References=

[1] Lam, S. S., M. A. Ambak, A. Jusoh & A. T. Law, 2008. Waste excretion of marble goby (//Oxyeleotris marmorata// Bleeker) fed with different diets. //Aquaculture//, **274**: 49-56.

[2] Javens, C., 2014. Aquaponcis: the potential to produce sustainable food anywhere. @http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/aquaponics-sustainable-food-production-plants-fish. Last updated 11 Apr.2014. (Accessed 20 Nov.2014).

[3] Termvidchakorn, A. & K. G. Hortle, 2013. //A guide to larvae and juveniles of some common fish species from the Mekong River Basin//. MRC Technical Paper No. 38, Phnom Penh. 234 pp.

[4] Atack, K., 2006. //A field guide to the fishes of Kuching Rivers//. Natural History Publications, Borneo. 200 pp.

[5] Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Project 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany.

[6] Yang, Z., H. Liang, Z. Li, D. Wang & G. Zou, 2014. Mitochondrial genome of the Marbled goby (//Oxyeleotris marmorata//). //Mitochondrial DNA,// Early Online: 1-2.

[7] Graham, J. B., 1997. //Air-Breathing Fishes: Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation//. Academic Press. 299 pp.

[8] Nhi, N. H. Y., 2010. Utilization of earthworms (//Perionyx excavatus//) as a protein source for growing fingerling marble goby (//Oxyeleotris marmorata//) and tra catfish (//Pangasius hypophthalmus//). MSc Thesis, MEKARN-SLU. @http://mekarn.org/msc2008-10/theses/Nhi%20lit.htm. (Accessed 21 Nov.2014).

[9] Hoa, N. P. & Y. Yi, 2007. Prey ingestion and live food selectivity of marble goby (//Oxyeleotris marmorata//) using rice field prawn (//Macrobrachium lanchesteri//) as prey. //Aquaculture//, **273**: 443-448.

[10] Nhi, N. H. Y., T.R. Preston, B. Ogle & T. Lundh, 2010. Effect of earthworms as replacement for trash fish and rice field prawns on growth and survival rate of marble goby (//Oxyeleotris marmorata//) and Tra catfish (//Pangasius hypophthalmus//). //Livestock Research for Rural Development//, **22**, Article 204.

[11] Sudrajat, A. O. & I. Effendi, 2002. Feeding with artificial feed on Sand Goby, //Oxyeleotris marmorata// (Blkr.), Fry. //Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia//, **1**(3): 109-118.

[12] Hoa, N. P. & Y. Yi, 2010. Prey foraging patterns of marble goby (//Oxyeleotris marmorata//) fingerlings to different prey types. //Aquaculture 2010 Meeting//. San Diego, California.

[13] Breder,C. M. & D. E. Rosen, 1966. //Modes of reproduction in fishes.// T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 pp.

[14] Mohammad Mohsin, A. K., 1983. //Freshwater fishes of peninsular Malaysia//. Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Malaysia. 284 pp.

[15] Larson, H. K., Z. Jaafar & K. K. P. Lim, 2008. An annotated checklist of the gobioid fishes of Singapore. //The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology//, **56**(1): 135-155.

[16] Rakocy, J. E., 2012. Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. In: Tidwell, J. (ed.), //Aquaculture Production Systems//. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pp. 343-386.

[17] Lam, S. S., N. L. Ma, A. Jusoh & M. A. Ambak, 2014. A study on the optimal tank design and feed type to the growth of marble goby (//Oxyeleotris marmorata// Bleeker) and reduction of waste in a recirculating aquaponic system. //Desalination and Water Treatment//, **52**: 4-6.

[18] Allen, D. J., 2013. //Oxyeleotris marmorata//. The IUCN Red List of Threated Species. Version 2014.3. @http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/181009/0. (Accessed 21 Nov.2014).

[19] Government of South Australia, 2014. //Prohibited (noxious) fish list//. Biosecurity SA: Aquatics. @http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa/aquatic/current_and_potential_pests/prohibited_noxious_fish_list. Last updated 21 Feb.2014. (Accessed 21 Nov.2014).

[20] Government of Western Australia, 2013. //Noxious (banned) fish//. Department of Fisheries. @http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Sustainability-and-Environment/Aquatic-Biosecurity/Translocations-Moving-Live-Fish/Pages/Noxious-Banned-Fish.aspx. Last updated 25 Nov.2013. (Accessed 21 Nov.2014).

[21] Lim, K. K. P. & P. K. L. Ng, 1990. //A Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Singapore.// Singapore Science Centre, Singapore. 160 pp.

[22] Tan, Y. Y. H., L. H. C. Tan, G. Quek, V. S. F. Lim & H. H. Tan, 2013. The fish fauna of Bukit Brown, Singapore. //Nature in Singapore//, **6**: 229-237.

[23] Kwik, J. T. B., Z. Y. Kho, B. S. Quek, H. H. Tan & D. C. J. Yeo, 2013. Urban stormwater ponds in Singapore: potential pathways for spread of alien freshwater fishes. //BioInvasions Records//, **2**(3): 239-245.

[24] Bleeker, P., 1852. Zesde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Borneo. Visschen van Pamangkat, Bandjermassing, Praboekarta en Sampit. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Indie, **3**: 424-425.

[25] Romero, P., 2002. An etymological dictionary of taxonomy. Madrid, unpublished.

[26] Bailly, N., 2014. //Oxyeleotris marmorata// (Bleeker, 1852). In: Froese, R. & D. Pauly (eds.), FishBase. @http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=281954. (Accessed 21 Nov.2014).

[27] Larson, H. K. & E. O. Murdy, 2001. Order Perciformes: Gobioidei. Suborder Gobioidei, Eleotridae. In: Carpenter, K. E. & V. H. Niem (eds.), //FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammals.// FAO, Rome. Pp. 3574-3577.

[28] Inger, R. F. & P. K. Chin, 2002. //The fresh-water fishes of North Borneo//. Natural History Publications, Borneo. 268 pp.

[29] Smith, C. L., 1994. //Fish watching: An outdoor guide to freshwater fishes//. Cornell University Press. 216 pp.

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[31] Idris, H. B., M. A. Ambak & M. Ikhwanuddin, 2012. Sex determination in //Oxyeleotris marmorata// (Bleeker, 1852) based on morphometric features. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, **6**: 763-771.

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