Fagraea+fragrans

//**FAGRAEA FRAGRANS**// Roxb.  **Vernacular names** 1,2 : //Tembusu// (Malay); Ironwood (English); //Ta trao// (Cambodia) 13toc
 * = //"If it were asked what trees were distinctive of Singapore, we would point to the Tembusu-trees of Tanglin for specimens as fine cannot be found on any part of the mainland. For this advantage we are indebted to the constitution of the tree which is accustomed to poorly aerated and ill-drained situations so that its roots find little fault with the heavy, yellow clay of the island."//  Corner, E.J.H . Wayside Trees of Malaya 2, p.468   ||
 * [[image:ffintro.jpg width="500" align="center" caption="Photo taken by Teo Siyang."]] ||
 * =NOMENCLATURE =

**Etymology**
//Fagraea// = after J.T. Fagraeus (1729-1747), a Swedish naturalist. //fragrans// = (latin) after the fragrance of the open flowers 2.  //Fagraea fragrans// is an accepted name 3,4. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Willughbeia fragrans// Spreng.; //Fagraea ridleyi// Gand. [Illegitimate]; //Fagraea peregrina// (Reinw.) Blume; //Cyrtophyllum peregrinum// Reinw.; //Cyrtophyllum lanceolatum// DC.; //Cyrtophyllum giganteum// Ridl.; //Cyrtophyllum fragrans// (Roxb.) DC. 3  ||
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px;">Recent synonyms ===


 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">DESCRIPTION =

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **Habit** 1,2,8,10

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Fagraea fragrans// grows as a tree, sometimes as a shrub. The species can grow to a maximum height of 35m. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The tree appears to branch rather low down along the trunk. The branches grow perpendicular to the trunk for a short distance, then shoot vertically upwards, giving one the impression of an upturned palm with multiple fingers reaching for the heavens. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The crown can be conical in young trees, and is more irregular in older trees. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The trees can grow up to 2.5m in diameter, and sometimes have buttresses of up to 2.5m. || ||  ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The bark of the trunk is very distinctive with its deep ridges and irregular fissures.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Bark** 8,10

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The colour of the bark may be dark brown, grayish or black. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ||

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The leaves of //Fagraea fragrans// are simple, elliptical, entire, and sub-coriaceous.The midrib is prominent on the lower side of the leaf. There are 9-12 pairs of lateral veins, which are distinct, flat to slightly prominent on the lower side of the leaf, and flat and indistinct to obscure on the upper side of the leaves. The intercostal veins are obscure. The leaf apex is cuspidate. The leaves are 4-14 x 1.5-6cm in dimension. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">// Fagraea fragrans // leaves are oppositely arranged. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; text-align: right;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The flowers of //Fagraea fragrans// grow in a many-flowered cluster known as a cyme (a type of inflorescence). The cymeis axillary, 6.5-12cm long and 4-7cm wide, with the main axis branching 2-3 orders. The cyme can be quite dense. The peduncle is 4-6cm long. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The individual flowers are whitish-yellow and fragrant. They turn yellow when old. Each individual flower is bisexual and has 5 petals. In each flower: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">(See pollination.) ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Leaves ** 1,2,8,10
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:ffleaf1a.jpg width="432" height="236" align="right" caption="Upper side of leaf. Photo by Louise Neo."]] || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:leaf2a.jpg width="432" height="241" align="left" caption="Underside of leaf. Photo by Louise Neo."]] ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The leaf base is acute and decurrent on the petiole. The petioles are 0.5-2.5cm in length, and enlarge at the base into a ring that clasps the stem.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:flowers2.JPG caption="Inflorescence. Photo by Louise Neo."]] || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Inflorescences** 1, 2 , 8 , 10 , 13    <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">the corolla-tube is narrowly funnel-shaped
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">the 5 stamens are exsert of the corolla-tube, with 14-17mm long filamentsinserted just above the middle of the corolla-tube, and oblong-linear anthers of about 1.5mm long
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">the style is 1.25-6cm long and exsert for 8-10 mm, exceeding the stamens, with a faintly 2-lobed stigma
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">the calyx is campanulate, 2-2.5 mm long and 2-2.5 mm in diameter
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">the pedicel is 5-7 mm long

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The fruits are smooth and round with a small pointed tip. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">They are two-celled and 0.75-1cm in diameter. Each fruit weighs 1.2g on average.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Fruits** 1, 2 , 5 , 8 , 10,18

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">They ripen from green to yellow to orange to red. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">According to Corner 2, the fruits are bitter.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (See dispersal.) || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">There are 20-30 seeds in each fruit. They are less than 1mm in diameter, and are angular and scarbrous. The seeds are brown and have a very thin seed coat. Sterile seeds are around 4 times smaller than fertile seeds. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ||
 * [[image:taxo4254/fruits2.JPG width="359" height="299" align="center" caption="Depiction of the sizes of Fagraea fragrans fruits and the successive stages of development. Photo by Louise Neo."]] ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Seeds** 5,8,10,18

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">return to top

=<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">BIOLOGY =

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Growth and Phenology **
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The growth of //Fagraea fragrans// is rather slow 2,10. Corner encapsulated the "lethargic" growth of the species in the following description 2 : <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">media type="custom" key="11330148" <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">According to Corner, the regular seasonality in the flowering and fruiting of //Fagraea fragrans// gives reliable indication of the slight seasonality of the tropics 2. There are two flowering seasons: in May to early June, and in October to November 2. Holttum observed that flowering takes place “about four months after the onset of dry weather” 17 ; the flowering event in May follows the period of dry weather in mid January, and the flowering event in October follows the dry spell in June to July 2. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> Holttum also observed that the period between the fertilization of the flowers to the ripening of the fruit is usually around seven and a half months 17.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">** Ecology ** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Pollination** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The flowers of //Fagraea fragrans// open in the evening 2. The fragrance of the flowers is particularly strong thus in the evenings and at night, and this is when pollination is usually carried out, by butterflies and by moths (e.g. of the genus //Macroglossa//) 1,2,10. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Dispersal** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The fruits are dispersed by bats (//Pteropus edulis// and //Cynopterus// spp. according to Ridley) and some birds, especially starlings 1,10. They may also be eaten by fruit-eating ants (//Polyrachis// sp. according to Ridley) 1. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Corner 2 described his observations of how flying foxes (bats of the genus //Pteropus//) used to feed on the fruits of //Fagraea fragrans// trees in the past: <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">media type="custom" key="11330182"

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Natural Habitat
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> //Fagraea fragrans// grows naturally in lowland (sea level to around 800 m) secondary or disturbed forest, coastal or beach forest, and even lalang fields 1,8. In Borneo, it is found in Kerangas (Sundaland heath forest) 8. In Singapore, it is found to be associated with species such as //Adinandra dumosa// and //Dillenia suffruticosa// in the “Adinandra belukar” type of “anthropogenic heath forest” 12. It may be a pioneer species of areas that have been burned-over 1. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> //Fagraea fragrans// is tolerant of humid, seasonally swampy conditions. It grows on poorly aerated or swampy or compact soils, and also on poor sands or podsols 1. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; text-align: right;"> return to top

=<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">DISTRIBUTION =

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Native range **
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ** Asia-Temperate ** 1,8,11 Japan <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> ** Asia-Tropical ** 1, 8 , 11    <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">** India: **Bengal (near Calcutta), the Andaman islands  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**Indo-China****:** Vietnam, Cambodia 13 , Laos, Myanmar,Thailand  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**Malesia:** Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (west coast), Borneo (all territories), Sumatra, Java (naturalized), Bawean, Sulawesi, Philippines (Balabac, Palawan, Busuanga, Culion, Mindoro), Japen island near Northwest New Guinea, the Moluccas. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> Also **cultivated**. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Status in Singapore **
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Fagraea fragrans// is native to Singapore, found commonly, and also cultivated 9. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; text-align: right;"> return to top

=<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">USES =

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Symbolic **
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Owing to the magnificence of the trees of this species, // Fagraea fragrans //has been used as an icon in various ways. A //Fagraea fragrans// tree is illustrated on the back of the Singapore $5 note (first issued in 1999). This individual can be found growing on Lawn E in the Singapore Botanic Gardens, and has been declared a Heritage Tree. This tree is believed to have been growing in the same spot even before the Singapore Botanic Gardens was established in 1859 19.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The vernacular name //tembusu// has also been used considerably in Singapore, suggesting its cultural significance. A local University college and an equity firm have been named after the species.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Ornamental **
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> //Fagraea fragrans// is commonly planted as a shade tree along streets, and in parks and gardens all around Singapore 1,10. Many trees of this species used to be planted in the Tanglin area of Singapore 2,19. //Fagraea fragrans// is also planted for ornamental purposes elsewhere in Southeast Asia 1,13.
 * = [[image:http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v294/lou89/grove2.jpg align="center" caption="Fagraea fragrans planted in the Engineering Faculty of the National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge. Photo by Louise Neo."]] ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v294/lou89/grove3.jpg caption="Fagraea fragrans planted in Kent Ridge Park, Singapore. Photo by Louise Neo."]] ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v294/lou89/grove1.jpg caption="Fagraea fragrans planted on St John's Island, Singapore. Photo by Louise Neo."]] ||

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Forestry **
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">The timber of //Fagraea fragrans// is yellow, fine to medium-textured, hard, and very durable 1,10,14. The trade name is //tembesu// 15. It has various uses including agricultural implements, general boat-building and furniture 14. One of its notable uses in Singapore is in making chopping boards 10. The timber is no longer available commercially 10, but it is still used directly in some parts of Oceania and Southeast Asia 14. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">In Cambodia, the wood of //Fagraea fragrans// is considered to be very valuable and in such high demand that the species has become over-exploited, and the number of mature trees has declined significantly 13.

**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 21px;">Medicinal **
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> Parts of //Fagraea fragrans// have been used in traditional medicine. The bark has been used in decoction as a febrifuge, for example to cure malaria. In Kedah, Malaya, a decoction of the leaves and twigs has been drunk for dysentery 1. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; text-align: right;"> return to top

=<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION =


 * = <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Linnaean Hierachy ** 6  ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III System ** 7   ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Kingdom**: Plantae ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Kingdom:** Plantae ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Phylum:** Magnoliophyta ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Clade:** angiosperms ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Class:** Magnoliopsida ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Clade:** eudicots ||
 * =  ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Clade:** core eudicots ||
 * =  ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Clade:** asterids ||
 * =  ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Clade:** euasterids I ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Order:** Gentianales ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Order:** Gentianales ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Family:** Gentianaceae ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Family:** Gentianaceae ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Genus:** //Fagraea// ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Genus:** //Fagraea// ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Species:** //fragrans// ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Species:** //fragrans// ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Fagraea fragrans// was placed previously in the family Loganiaceae 1,2,4,8. However, recent work 16 has shown Loganiaceae to be a heterogeneous assemblage of families, and has separated them out more distinctly, putting the genus //Fagraea// in the family Gentianaceae 3,8,9. Plants from Gentianaceae can be distinguished from those from Loganiaceae by being hairless on the inside of the corollas (instead of having hairs), and by their petal lobes that contort in bud (instead of being valvate (not overlapping) or imbricate (overlapping)) 20. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">return to top

=<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TAXONOMY =

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Diagnosis**
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//A species diagnosis is important in helping one tell different members of the same plant family and genus apart.// <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Family ** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Diagnostic features of the family Gentianaceae include 20 :
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">glabrous plants (no simple or glandular hairs)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">leaves which are opposite, simple, and entire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">leaves with prominent midrib
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">no stipules
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">bisexual flowers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">stamens inserted in the corolla-tube
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">petals and sepals fused at least at the base

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Genus ** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Three sections have been recognised in the genus //Fagraea// 8 :   <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Fagraea, Cyrtophyllum// and //Racemosae// <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Fagraea fragrans// belongs to the section Cyrtophyllum. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adapted from //Tree Flora// //of Sabah and Sarawak// 8.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Section** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Fagraea// || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Cyrtophyllum//** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Racemosae// ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Axillary scales** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Develop above the petiole base and loosely clasp the stem || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Develop at the very base of the petiole and tightly clasp the stem || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Similar to //Cyrtophyllum// ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Inflorescences** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Either a solitary flower or cyme-like with the primary branches rebranching 1-3 times || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cyme-like with primary branches that rebranch 3-6 times; stamens and styles conspicuously exsert || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">All branches very condensed and grouped in distinct tiers along the main axis; stamens and styles are not or only slightly exsert in the open flower ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Fruits** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Typically large at maturity, always more than 25 mm across, with the epidermis detaching from the pericarp on drying || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Less than 20 mm across with the epidermis not detaching from the pericarp on drying || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Similar to //Cyrtophyllum// ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Seeds** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ellipsoid-rounded || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Angular || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Similar to //Cyrtophyllum// ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">** Species ** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //This dichotomous key is an aid for separating out morphologically similar species from the genus Fagraea.// <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> media type="custom" key="11148058" Key to species adapted from //Tree Flora// //of Sabah and Sarawak// 8. Note: the key has been truncated to include only the sections relevant to //Fagraea fragrans//.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Original description and holotype **
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//A holotype is the very first physical example of the species that was referenced by the person who first described the species. It thus "typifies" the species. As there can only be one single example of the species that was first referenced and described, there can only be one holotype.// <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//The original description of a species is the very first description that was written about the species, and is the description to which the given species name is attached.// <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> //Fagraea fragrans// was originally described by Dr. William Roxburgh in the 1800s in Flora Indica. Carey & Wallich ed.s vol. ii. p. 32, based on a specimen found by Dr. William Hunter in “Pullo Penang” (type locality) (probably modern day Penang Island, Peninsular Malaysia) 5. The holotypehas been attributed in the //Tree Flora// //of Sabah and Sarawak// 8 to “Hunter, //s.n.// (=//Wallich//, //Cat. no//. //1597E//)”, and thus probably resides presently in the “Wallich Collection” of the Kew Herbarium (Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in London).

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=<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">LITERATURE AND REFERENCES =
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1 Flora Malesiana. (1962). Steenis, C.G.G.J. van ed. Series I vol. 6 part 2 pp. 299-309 ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2 Corner, E.J.H. (1988). Wayside Trees of Malaya in two volumes. vol. 1 pp. 466-470. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Malayan Nature Society ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 3 The Plant List ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 4 IPNI   ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 5 Flora Indica. (1824). Carey & Wallich ed.s vol. ii. p. 32  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 6 Global Biodiversity Information Facility  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 7 Tree of Life Web Project: Angiosperms  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 8 Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. (1996). Soepadmo, E., Wong, K.M., and Saw, L.G. ed.s vol. 2 pp. 190-207. Malaysia: The Malaysian Nature Society  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 9 Chong, K.Y., Tan, H.T.W. and Corlett, R.T. (2009) A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalized and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 10 Singapore Biodiversity: An Encyclopedia of the Natural Environment and Sustainable Development. (2011). Ng, P.K.L., Corlett, R.T., and Tan, H.T.W. ed.s p. 477. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 11 GRIN Taxonomy for Plants  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 12 Sim, J.W.S., Tan, H.T.W. and Turner, I.M. (1992). Adinandra belukar: an anthropogenic heath forest in Singapore. Vegetatio 102: 125-137.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 13 Cambodia Tree Seed Project: Cambodian Tree Species  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 14 [|The Wood Explorer]  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 15 The Forestry Compendium  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 16 Struwe, L., Albert, V.A. and Bremer, B. (1994). Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. Cladistics 10: 175-206. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 17 The Gardens' Bulletin Straits Settlements. (1928-1935). The flowering of Tembusu trees (Fagraea fragrans ROXB.) in Singapore, 91:73-78 ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 18 Forest and Landscape Denmark: Seed Leaflet ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 19 Singapore Infopedia: Tembusu ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 20 Gentian Research Network ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; text-align: right;"> return to top

=<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">OTHER PAGES ON THIS SPECIES = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 13px; text-align: right;">return to top
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">WildSingapore fact sheet ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">NParks 'Know 10 Trees in Singapore' ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ecocrop by FAO ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">World Agroforestry Centre Agroforestry Tree Database ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Articles in the Straits Times about Fagraea fragrans ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Total Vascular Flora of Singapore Online ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">NCBI Genbank Records ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 32px;">COMMENTS **

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