Pellorneum+malaccense

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 * Short-tailed Babbler **



Introduction
The Short-tailed Babbler is an insectivorous, understorey bird of the Sundaic lowlands. It is one of the five babblers that survived massive deforestation in Singapore over the past two centuries which led to the extirpation of eight other babbler species. It is a forest specialist and although it is a fairly common resident of Singapore's Central Catchment Nature Reserve, it is threatened by habitat loss throughout its Southeast Asian range. In Singapore, one of the major threats it faces is the proposed construction of the Cross-Island line which will fragment its already limited local range*. It is a polytopic species (meaning that it has many sub-species) with only one sub-species found in Singapore (//Pellorneum malaccense malaccense//). It was formerly known as //Malacocincla malaccensis//, but recent genetic data suggests that its taxonomic placement be revised to //Pellorneum malaccense//.

 *To sign a petition proposing to re-route the Cross-Island Line such that it will not affect the habitat of the Short-tailed Babbler and other forest specialists, please click here.

Etymology
 The genus name Pellorneum is derived from the Latin word //pellos//, meaning dark coloured; combined with //orneon//, meaning bird. The species name, //malaccense//, refers to Malacca, the Malaysian state from which the species was originally described.

Description
  The Short-tailed Babbler is a small-sized bird of 13.5 - 15.5cm . Its distinguishing features include slaty grey face (including lores, supercilium, ear-coverts and neck side), demarcated from white throat by thin black moustachial stripe. White breast and belly: side of breast and flank washing onto the belly is pale tawny orange. Upper-parts dark olive-brown: crown slighter darker and more ochrous brown than the nape, mantle and back. Mantle is warm olive brown, shading progressively to tawny rufous from back to upper tail coverts. Tertials and inner secondaries similar to mantle but outer-webs fringed slightly more rufescent . Slightly darker grey under eye which blends into black moustachial stripe. Iris red to brown; upper mandible is blackish and darker than lower mandible. It possesses relatively long pinkish legs and a very short dark chestnut tail fringed brighter chestnut. . Body is slightly rounded in shape .  Sexes similar but females are slightly smaller in size <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Juveniles are similar to adults, but have browner head sides, paler brown cap, yellow gape, ochrous-buff throat and fringes of primaries are rusty coloured <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">.



<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Diagnosis
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> It can be distinguished from the similar looking Abbott's Babbler (//Malacocincla abbotti//) by the presence of a black moustache, stronger grey facial coloration and shorter tail. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Possesses brighter plummage and less robust bill than closely related Horsfield's Babbler (//Malacocincla sepiaria//).


 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Short-tailed Babbler ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Abbott's Babbler ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Horsfield's Babbler ** ||
 * [[image:STB_Keren_5.jpg caption="Photograph by Con Foley (2009)"]] || [[image:Abbott's babbler.jpg width="455" height="455" caption="Photograph by Con Foley (2007)"]] || [[image:Horsfield's babbler.jpg width="457" height="456" caption="Photograph by Con Foley (2010)"]] ||
 * * Smaller (13.5-15.5cm)
 * Face distinctly grey; white throat; black moustachial
 * Distinctly short tail
 * Present in Singapore || * Larger (15-16.5cm)
 * Paler, shaft-streaked crown; more uniform supercilium; unstreaked breast
 * Longer tail
 * Present in Singapore || * Larger (14-15.5cm)
 * Crown darker than mantle; breast with light streaking
 * Longer tail
 * Absent in Singapore ||

<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Calls
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Short-tailed Babblers are more often heard than seen and their call is a distinctive series of loud descending whistles: //**pi'pi'pi'pi'pi pew pew pew pew pew pew**//. This song is repeated regularly in the early hours of the morning. Vocalization is not often heard at latter parts of the day. Loud singing may indicate either advertising or patrolling of territories. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The alarm call comprises harsh, mechanical sounding //**chututututut**//.

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> For more Short-tailed Babbler calls, please refer to thislink.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> For an acoustic analysis of the Short-tailed Babbler call, please click [|here]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

Behaviour
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The species is an insectivorous understorey bird displaying territorial behaviour and is usually seen foraging singly or in pairs with a juvenile. It is most frequently sighted hopping or skulking in the undergrowth at ground or eye level. Individuals are usually active at daybreak, up to about 9.00am, or just after rain. It is a non-migratory species and like most species under the Pellorneinae subfamily, it has short, rounded wings and weak flight.

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<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Feeding
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Their diet includes a variety of insects including beetles (Coleoptera), small grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and ants (Formicidae). They often use their feet to grasp prey items and forage on or just above the ground, usually in pairs.

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<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nesting
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The nest is a small cup built not more than 0.3m above the forest floor with a clutch of 2-3 eggs. Nests are usually made of dead leaves, root fibres, twigs and leaves and are lined with grassy materials and/or long roots and tendrils. Nests built above ground are usually constructed on fallen branches or small saplings whilst those on ground are nestled within tree roots or dead leaf matter. Nest building has been reported in late January. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Eggs are ovate and pale beige to dark pink in colour with brown/mauve markings.

<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Breeding
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Breeding is reported from February to September across range. May have several batches of young in one breeding season.

<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moult
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Estimated to take 14-18 weeks. Wing and tail usually moult simultaneously. Moulting reported from late April to December. During moulting, adjacent feathers may be seen in overlapping growth.

Range
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The species occurs across the Thai-Malay peninsula and Indonesia up to about 915m.

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<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Habitat
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The species has been recorded in a number of different habitat types,including primary broadleaf evergreen forest, mature secondary forest, drier parts of peat swamp forests, stream edges, scrubs, thickets and overgrown plantations.

<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Distribution in Singapore
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Within Singapore, it only occurs in certain patches of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (including MacRitchie, Upper Peirce, Upper Seletar, Mandai and Nee Soon swamp forest) and Bukit Timah Nature Reserve which contain primary or mature secondary forest <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">. It is often found near streams and freshwater swampy habitats <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">. It is the only stenotopic (i.e. forest-specific) babbler in Singapore which is not locally threatened although it no longer occurs in places where it was previously common, such as the Singapore Botanic Gardens <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">. The population in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve is also reported to have declined over the past decade <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">.

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Conservation
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** IUCN Status ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The species is classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List and the NSS bird survey of 2005 reports that the population in Singapore is declining. However, the species is considered as fairly common to common throughout its Southeast Asian range.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ** Threats ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Although population trends for the region have not been quantified, it is likely that populations are declining on account of degradation and loss of Sundaic lowland forest. Logging, land conversion and forest fires are cited as key causes for population decline. However, the impact of such threats may be reduced by the species ability to adapt to secondary growth forest and hill slopes.

Threats in Singapore
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The proposed construction of the new MRT line, the Cross-Island line, which will span from Jurong Industrial Estate to Changi, will disturb and cut through several patches where the Short-tailed Babbler occurs and thus may pose a threat to the local population. Short-tailed Babblers are forest specialists and are therefore quite sensitive to the effects of both disturbance and habitat fragmentation, particularly as they have low dispersal abilities.

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5;"> The Nature Society of Singapore has proposed an alternative route in a 40 page position paper. The paper may be accessed by clicking on the excerpt below which details potentially affected avian species:

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> To sign the petition appealing to re-route the proposed Cross-Island line so as not to cut across the nature reserve, click here.

<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Taxonomy
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">A hierarchical summary of the taxa within which the Short-tailed Babbler is placed is provided below: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">For a more visual experience of the placement of birds within the tree of life, please follow this link. The evolutionary path of birds is traced in red.
 * Animalia ||
 * Chordata ||
 * Aves ||
 * Passeriformes ||
 * Timaliidae ||
 * Pellorneinae ||
 * //Pellorneum// ||
 * //P. malaccense// (Hartlaub, 1844) ||

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;">Proposed subspecies **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">The Short-tailed Babbler is a passerine belonging to the subfamily Pellorneinae (until recently holding no subfamily classification) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">. The subfamily Pellorneinae was recognized in 2011 for Fulvettas and Ground Babblers, a group of genera within the Timaliidae family <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">.
 * **Subspecies** || **Status** || **Notes** ||
 * //P. m. malaccense// (Hartlaub, 1844) || Valid || Nominate subspecies ||
 * //P. m. poliogenys// (Strickland, 1849) || Valid ||  ||
 * //P. m. sordida// (Chasen & Kloss, 1929) || Invalid || Synonymous with //P. m. poliogenys// ||
 * //P. m. feriata// (Chasen & Kloss, 1931) || Invalid ||  ||
 * //P. m. saturata// || Invalid || Synonymous with //P. m. poliogenys// ||

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> It forms a superspecies with the Ashy-headed Babbler, //Pellorneum cinereiceps// (meaning that they are very closely related but separate species); it was previously suggested that the two species were conspecific, but recent vocalization and genetic data suggests otherwise.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Geographically separate populations in Borneo have been proposed as sub-species, but inter-population variation is slight, which has led to the synonymization of the proposed races //sordida// (NE Borneo) and //saturata// (Bangka, Belitung and W Borneo) with //poliogenys//. The proposed //feriata// race appears to exhibit features characteristic of the juveniles of the species and is not recognized. Thus, only two sub-species are recognized, with //P. m. malaccensis// found in Singapore, Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Thailand, Sumatra and its islands, the Anambas and North Natuna islands, and //P. m. poliogenys// distributed across Bangka, Belitung and Borneo. It is of importance to note that the validity of hierarchical groupings such as subspecies is a controversial topic and is not supported by many of the proposed species concepts.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Synonyms for //Pellorneum malaccense// include //Malacocincla malaccensis//, //Malacocincla malaccense//, //Trichastima malaccense// and //Trichastoma malaccensis//. It is sometimes called the Short-tailed Jungle Babbler.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Interestingly, the species was also originally classified under the //Brachypteryx// genus and subsequently shifted to //Trichastoma// and then //Malacocincla//. However, a recent paper by Moyle et al. (2012) provided evidence for a shift from the genus //Malacocincla// to //Pellorneum// (see section on Phylogeny below).

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> ** Type ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> The species was originally described by Gustav Hartlaub in 1844 in Systematisches Verzeichniss der naturhistorichen Sammlung der Gesellschaft Museum (not available online). The type information for the species is as follows :

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Type for //Malacocincla malaccensis malaccensis// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Catalogue Number: USNM 169877 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Birds <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Sex/Stage: Male; Adult <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Preparation: Skin: Whole <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Collector(s): W. Abbott <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Year Collected: 1899 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Locality: Khao Soi Dao, Trang, Thailand, Asia

<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Phylogeny
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> The placement of babblers on the avian tree of life is shown below, illustrating relatively recent divergence times. Note that the radius of the branch on the tree corresponds to evolutionary time. Thus the oldest lineages of birds are the paleognaths at the 3 o'clock position and subsequent avian evolution moves in an anti-clockwise direction from that position. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Systematics of old world Babblers (Timaliidae) have been heavily contested. In the 20th century, the family was used as a 'wastebin taxon' for numerous hard-to-place Old World songbirds. The advancement of DNA sequencing technologies has shed light on some of the relationships amongst species within this taxon and thus the taxa is currently in flux with numerous revisions being proposed. For example, the Short-tailed Babbler was long regarded as belonging to the //Malacocincla// genus, as sister species to the Abbott's babbler (//Malacocincla abbotti//) and Horsfield's Babbler (//Malacocincla sepiaria//). However, a study by Moyle et al. (2012) which analyzed a data set of six genes (3 nuclear and 3 mitochondrial) provided high support for the placement of the Short-tailed Babbler in the //Pellorneum// genus, as a sister species to Ashy-headed Babbler (//Pellorneum cinereiceps//, previously //Malacocincla cinereiceps//). <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> The results of the study are shown below:

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> For further information, please refer []

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> The following gene sequences for the species are available on GenBank (do note that they are filed under the old species name, //Malacocincla malaccensis//): TBFB2, CYTB, ND3, ND2, Fib5, MUSK, GAPDH1-2. Currently, no DNA barcode data exists for the species.