Periophthalmodon+schlosseri

** //Periophthalmodon schlosseri// (Pallas, 1770) ** ** Giant mudskipper ** toc

= =

=**Name** =


 * **Current scientific name**: //Periophthalmodon schlosseri// (Pallas, 1770)


 * **Common name**: Giant mudskipper

=**Brief Interesting facts **=


 * The giant mudskipper comes from Family Gobiidae, the largest family of fishes consisting of 212 genera and 1875 species!


 * As its name "giant mudskipper" suggests, this is largest species of mudskippers native to Singapore, which can grow to a maximum length of 27cm (Kottelat et al., 1993) ! Its prominent size often allows it to be easily distinguished from other mudskipper species.


 * Literally a fish out of waters, it has [[image:Mudskippers_in_water_1.jpg width="339" height="199" align="right" caption="Photo credit: Chistoph Keller (approval pending)"]]acquired several special adaptations for amphibious living.


 * Despite being a freshwater fish, this species is [|euryhaline], hence able to cope well with salinity fluctuations in the mangrove habitat.

=**Biology **=

Distribution


 **Native range**: Indo-West Pacific ( indicated in red ); encompassing countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and India.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Habitat**

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Giant mudskippers mainly inhabit the muddy shores of <span style="color: #9715f9; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|mangroves] (and adjacent prawn ponds)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">They can be spotted at Chek Jawa, Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and Pasir Ris mangroves.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Being euryhaline allows them to thrive in both the lower reaches of rivers (freshwater environment) and the sea.

==<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Terrestrial adaptations ==

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Eyes**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Positioned above head. This confers a good 360º view and increases efficiency in predator spotting.


 * Can be retracted and re-moistened by water that collects at the bottom of the eye socket


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Torpedo-shaped body **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Enables it to remain upright during emersion

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Gills**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Short, branched gill filaments are well supported by thick gill rods. This prevents gills from collapsing easily during terrestrial exposure, hence remains functional as a respiratory organ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Low et al., 1988).


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Extensive fusion of secondary lamellae also contributes to gills support. Spaces resulting from such fusions trap water and keeps the gills moist <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Low et al., 1988).

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Other respiratory organs**
 * <span style="color: #9715f9; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Buccal cavity] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Randall et al., 2004) and skin


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Both these organs are well-vascularized (enriched with blood capillaries). They allow direct absorption of gaseous oxygen via their epitheliums so long as they remain moist. It is for this purpose, that the giant mudskipper frequently rolls itself in puddles or wet mud.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Fins **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Movement on land occurs in short hops. This is achieved by both pectoral fins 'jerking' forward, while the body is kept rigid.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">When climbing roots or rocks, its pelvic fins act like suckers to hold the body against the vertical surface, while pectoral fins 'reach up' and 'pull' the entire organism up.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Feeding Habits
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Diet types and preferences:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The giant mudskipper is a <span style="color: #9715f9; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|generalist] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">carnivore .[[image:1._Fiddler_crabs.jpg width="262" height="320" align="right" caption="Fiddler crabs (Uca spp.)  Photos credit: Ria Tan."]]


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Diet types: Crabs, prawns, insects, worms and mollusks ( Murdy, 1986; Mazlan et al., 2006 )


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Feeding period: Primarily during low tides (<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mazlan et al., 2006 )


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">During day low tides: Crabs, especially fiddler crabs are the preferred food types due to their abundance.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">During night low tides: Giant mudskippers observed to undergo diet switch from crabs to insects due to reduced availability of crabs.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Foraging tactic:**
 * <span style="color: #1e00ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #9715f9; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Ambush predator] . (Spots prey -> minimizes movement, stalks and takes aim -> pauses momentarily -> leaps forward to capture prey with its mouth) (Mazlan et al., 2005)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">It then moves to a safe place (burrow, shallow water holes, or small crevices) to feed.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Interestingly, male mudskippers are capable of searching for prey up to 4200 square feet from its burrow ( Murdy, 1986 ).

media type="youtube" key="FQsOLnzY3aY?rel=0" height="283" width="504" align="center"

<span style="color: #1e00ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Highlight of video: 0.00-0.16 sec

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Predators

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Natural predators**: Dog-faced watersnake (//Cerberus rynchops),// herons and kingfishers.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">They escape avian predators by rapidly 'skipping off' to a sheltered place or their burrows. However, this strategy fails to defend them against the dog-faced watersnake, which can slither down their tunnel to catch them.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Giant mudskippers are also preyed upon by humans for food and traditional medicine purposes (Mazlan & Rohaya, 2008)

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Reproduction
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Breeding season:** Estimated to occur from June to October, which corresponds to the southwest monsoon ( Mazlan & Rohaya, 2008 )

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Male:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Become more active and colour intensifies during the breeding season


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Burrows are created by scooping out balls of mud with their mouths. A low wall built around the entrance allows tidal pool formation. The tunnel spans a diameter of ~ 8cm and a depth of ~ 1.2m.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Displays courtship dance (comprising of leaps, flips and even tail-stands) as a mate-attractant strategy


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Displays aggression towards rival males (dorsal fin erection, biting and even attempts to throw each other)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Female:** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Exhibits her own mating ritual when she is attracted to the male
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">She then enters the male's burrow to lay her eggs on the walls of the nesting chamber, which will be eventually fertilized by the males ( Mazlan & Rohaya, 2008 )

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Brood care responsibility:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Undertaken by the male


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">It repeatedly gulps air from the burrow surface and releases it into the nesting chamber. Eggs are therefore well-oxygenated despite the waters in the burrow being severely <span style="color: #9715f9; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|hypoxic].

media type="youtube" key="KurTiX4FDuQ?rel=0" height="283" width="504" align="center"

<span style="color: #1e00ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">The giant mudskipper is not featured here. However, certain processes (courtship dance, aggression to rivals, rolling in mud and broodcare activities) are featured by other mudskipper species.

<span style="color: #1e00ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Highlight of video: 1.15s- 4.52 sec

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Basic Life Cycle

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Fertilized eggs develop into embryos[[image:3._Life_cycle.jpg width="360" height="257" align="right" caption="Basic life cycle of the giant mudskipper. Photo credit: Ria Tan.  Diagram by: Melody Soh. "]]


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The hatching process is promoted by a hatching gland, positioned above the head of the embryo (<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Tsuhako et al., 2003 ).


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The larvae eventually emerges and remain in the burrow until they metamorphosize into juveniles


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Juveniles stay in close proximity to tidal pools around their nest entrance.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Adult giant mudskippers can grow up to a maximum length of 27cm. Females reach maturity ~ 12-14cm ( Mazlan & Rohaya, 2008 ). No corresponding data has been provided for males, except that they mature relatively slower than females ( Mazlan & Rohaya, 2008 ).

==<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Status and Threats ==


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">IUCN red list status: not evaluated


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Listed among the threatened animals of Singapore


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Human threats: habitat destruction, pollution, captured for food.

=**<span style="color: #ff0048; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Taxonomy **=

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Synomyns
<span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(It is important to note that synonyms in taxonomy, unlike other context, are non-interchangeable. Only one scientific name is deemed correct for any given [|taxon] at a given point of time. Synonyms arise during a change in existing taxa (E.g. movement of a species to a different genus) or when the same taxa is described and named more than once independently.)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Pallas, 1770) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Original combination ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">X || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Bloch & Schneider, 1801) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Misidentified || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">X || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Bloch & Schneider, 1801) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Taxonomically revised <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Murdy, 1989) || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">X || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Johnstone, 1903) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Taxonomically revised <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Murdy, 1989) || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">X ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Scientific name** || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">**Remarks** || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Valid** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//Gobius schlosseri//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//Periophthalmus schlosseri//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//Periophthalmus ruber//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//Periophthalmus phya//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Etymology**
<span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Etymology studies the origin and development of words. It is useful in providing an understanding of how the scientific name of the giant mudskipper was derived and how it relates to the organism)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Derived from the Latin suffix '// odon ''// (= toothed) due to its prominent teeth and '// Periophthalmus '// (another genus in the subfamily) due to superficial similarity of the two genera.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Generic name: //Periophthalmodon//

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Named in honor of J.A. Schlosser, who collected material for the original description (Murdy, 1989)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Species name: //schlosseri//



<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Taxonavigation
<span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(This enables one to trace the ancestry of the giant mudskipper)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Kingdom: [|Animalia]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Phylum: [|Chordata]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Class: [|Actinopterygii]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Order: [|Perciformes]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Family: [|Gobiidae]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Subfamily: [|Oxudercinae]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Genus: //Periophthalmodon//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Species: //schlosseri//

==<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Diagnosis == <span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(This helps distinguish the giant mudskipper from other species. It is especially crucial for the researchers as incorrect identification might the use of the wrong species, which leads to inconsistencies in results and incur financial damage)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Information from Murdy, 1989):

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Genus level identification**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Two black stripes (brown in preservation) run posteriorly from each eye to the caudal peduncle


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Possesses two rows of teeth in the upper jaw (this is also the key feature that distinguishes genus //Periophthalmodon// from //Periophthalmus//, which only has a single row of teeth)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Species level identification**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">There are three species within genus //Periophthalmodon:// <span style="color: #1e00ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">//P. schlosseri//, //P.freycineti// and //P. septemradiatus.//

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//P. schlosseri// can be identified via the following morphological features:

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;">1. Spinous dorsal fin (D1) base length greater than 10%SL <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;">(standard length), ranging 10.3-16.7%SL <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;">2. D1 VI-IX (i.e. D1 has 6-9 unbranched dorsal fin rays) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;">3. Pectoral fin rays: 16-19 <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;">4. Pelvic fins with [|frenum] and completely united <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;">5.[| Isthmus] lacking scales <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;">6. Snout completely scaled

<span style="color: #1e00ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Features (1) & (2) differentiates //P. schlosseri// from <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> //P. freycineti//, which has:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">D1 base less than 10%SL


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">D1 IV-V (i.e. has 4-5 unbranched fin rays)

<span style="color: #1e00ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Features (3) to (6) distinguishes //P.schlosseri// from <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> //P. septemradiatus//, which has:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Pectoral fin rays: 12-15


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Pelvic fins lack frenum and separated to fin bases[[image:2._3Periophthalmodon_species_P._septem..jpg width="260" height="222" align="right" caption="Photo credit: Gianluca Polgar."]]


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Isthmus completely scaled


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Snout lacking scales





<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Description
(This aids in the identification of the mudskipper. The original description is of particular importance as it was <span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">penned <span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> when the species was newly discovered and contains details of its morphology and illustrations of the type material.) = =


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">(Adult) **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Size**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Maximum: 27cm ( Kottelat et al., 1993 )

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Eyes**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Positioned at the top of head

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Teeth**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Two rows of teeth in upper jaw


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Outermost row teeth enlarged and curved (Larson & Lim, 2005)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Fins structure:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Spinous dorsal fin (D1): first spine is large and can be erected to hoist up the fin[[image:2._Spots.jpg width="286" height="338" align="right" caption="Prominent black stripes (Above). Bluish white speckles on body (Bottom).  Photo credits: Gianluca Polgar & Sivasothi N. respectively"]]


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Pectoral fins: well developed; 16-19 rays


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Pelvic fins: completely fused

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Body coloration**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Greenish brown trunk


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Two black stripes running continuously from each eye to the caudal peduncle


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Presence of numerous bluish white speckles

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** [|Original description] ** (in German)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> E book version of : Pallas, P. S. 1770. Spicilegia zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Fasciculus octavus. - pp. 1-54, pl. I-V [= 1-5]. Berolini. (Lange).


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Pages: 5-6


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Illustrations: Table 1. (Figures 1-4)

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Phylogenetic position
<span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(The phylogenetic tree shows the inferred evolutionary relationships among 10 genera of subfamily Oxudercinae. It allows one to understand how closely related/similar the genus //Periophthalmodon// is from other genera)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">It was constructed based on both structural and behavioural traits (refer to Graham & Lee (2004) & Murdy (1989) for greater details)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** Blue box **: A monophyletic group comprising four genera (//Periopthalmodon, Periophthalmus, Boleophthalmus// & //Scartelaos//), which has the greatest degree of specialization for air-breathing and terrestrial life.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="color: #f80d0d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Red box **: Highlights the strong relationship and similarity between sister groups //Periophthalmodon// and //Periophthalmus//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Type information
<span style="color: #5000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">(The type material is the first specimen(s) to which the scientific name of the newly discovered species was formally attached and the original description was made. It serves to anchor the defining features of that particular species and may referred upon when there are uncertainties on the original description or the identities of later specimens.)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Based on the original name //Gobius schlosseri// assigned by Pallas (1770), the type material no longer exists. They type locality was listed by Gmelin (1789) and Shaw (1803) to be Ambon (Indonesia) (Murdy, 1989).


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The species //Periophthalmus ruber// (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) and //Periophthamus phya// (Johnstone, 1903) and currently are synonymized as //Periophthalmodon schlosseri (//Murdy, 1989).


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The [|holotype] of Periopthalmus ruber (ZMB 2143) and [|syntypes] of Periophthalmus phya (BMNH 1904.1.30.19-21(3?) are presently available. (Refer to [|Murdy (1989)] for details)

=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Related Links =

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Giant mudkipper] on [|Ecology Asia]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri)] from [|Fishbase]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri)] from [|Fishwise]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//[|Periophthalmodon schlosseri]// on [|The mudskipper]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri)] on [|wildfactsheets]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #9715f9; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri)] on [|Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve]

=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">References =

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[1] **Graham, J. B. and Lee, H. J.** (2004). Breathing air in air: In what ways might extant amphibious fish biology relate to prevailing concepts about early tetrapods, the evolution of vertebrate air-breathing, and reviewed work(s). //Physiol. Biol. Zool.// **77** (5). pp. 720-731.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[2] **Kottelat, M., Whitten, A. J., Kartikasari, S. N. and Wirjoatmodjo, S.** (1993). Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi = Ikan aie tawar Indonesia Bagian Barat dan Sulwesi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 344 p.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[3] **Larson, H. K. and Lim, K. K. P**. (2005) (eds)- //A guide to Gobies of Singapore//- Omni-Theatre, Singapore Science Centre, Singapore:164pp.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[4] **Low, W. P., Lane, D. J. W. and Ip, Y. K.** (1988). A comparative study of terrestrial adaptations of the gills in three mudskippers: //Periophthalmus chrysospilos//, //Boleophthalmus boddaerti//, and //Periopthalmodon schlosseri//. //Biol. Bull.// **175**: 434-438.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[5] **Mazlan, A. G. and Rohaya, M.** (2008). Size, growth and reproductive biology of the giant mudskipper, //Periophthalmodon schlosseri// (Pallas, 1770), in Malaysian waters. //J. Appl. Ichthyol.// **24**: 290-296.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[6] **Mazlan, A. G., Yakob, F., MD. Nor, S. and Arshad, A**. (2006). Foraging behavior and food selection of giant Mudskipper (//Periophthalmodon schlosseri//) at Kuala Gula, Matang Mangrove Reserve, Perak, Malaysia. //Coastal Marine Science//. **30** (1): 263-267.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[7] **Murdy, E.O.** (1986). Mudskippers of Malaysia: The Lord of the Mudflat- //Freshwater and Marine Aquarium// Nov. 1986: 20-23.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[8] **Murdy, E.O.** (1989). A taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the oxudercine gobies (Gobiidae: Oxudercine). //Records of the Australian Museum.// Supplement 11.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[9] **Pallas, P. S.** (1770). Spicilegia zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Fasciculus octavus. - pp. 1-54, pl. I-V [= 1-5]. Berolini. (Lange).

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[10] **Randal, D. J., Ip, Y. K., Chew, S. F. and Wilson, J. M.** (2004). Air-breathing and ammonia excretion in the giant mudskipper, //Periophthalmodon schlosseri//. //Physiol. Biol. Zool//. **77**(5): 783-788.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">[11] **Tsuhako, Y., Ishimatsu, A., Takeda, T. Huat, K. K. and Tachihara, K**. (2003). The eggs and larvae of the giant mudskipper, //Periophthalmodon schlosseri// collected from a mudflat in Penang, Malaysia. //Ichthyol. Res.// **50**: 178-181.

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