Manis+javanica

=//Manis javanica // Desmarest, 1822 = also known as the Malayan Pangolin

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The Malayan Pangolin is a unique animal that instinctively appears to be a reptile due to its conspicuous scales covering most of the animal's body surface. This mammal lives on a diet of ants and termites, and rolls into a ball of hard scales when provoked. Sadly, this interesting animal is currently endangered, with hunting for its meat, skin and scales as a driver of its massive population decline. While wild populations of Malayan Pangolins still exist in Singapore's forested areas, their numbers continue to decline due to habitat loss and vehicular accidents.

>
 * Common Names **
 * Malayan Pangolin
 * Sunda Pangolin
 * Scaly Anteater
 * Pangolin Javanais (French)
 * Pangolin Malais (French)
 * Pangolin Malayo (Spanish)
 * 穿山甲; Chuān shān jiǎ (Mandarin, Chinese)

Etymology
//Manis// is based on //manes// in Latin, meaning ghosts or spirits. It refers to the nocturnal nature of the pangolin as well as its uncommon morphology. The geographical region is referred to in //javanica.//

The English term 'pangolin' is adapted from the Malayan word for a roller, 'peng-goling', alluding to the animals' response to curling into a ball under threat.

Diet
Pangolins feed on ants and termites (Lekagul & McNeely, 1988) using their unique, long sticky tongue. Their keen sense of smell allows them to find food, and front claws aid in digging up ant nests. Pangolins are known to consume up to 70 million ants a year, and this highly specific diet makes it difficult to keep them in captivity since many fall sick after ingesting foreign food (Save Pangolins, 2012). Watch the video below from 00:48 to observe the Pangolin feeding.

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<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Behaviour
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">They are nocturnal creatures that are very solitary in nature and usually stop moving when a human in encountered (Lim & Ng, 2007). Depending on the species, pangolins may only stay on the ground, or only in trees, or a mixture of both, like in the Malayan Pangolin. They are able to climb trees using their prehensile tail. When threatened, they roll themselves up into a ball to protect their soft undersides, as seen above. In some cases they produce a foul smelling chemical in defense as well.

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<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Pangolins are often mistaken as armadillos, but in reality look quite different from them. They have conical heads with small eyes, and their backs are covered with overlapping scales made of keratin, the same material found in hair, nails and horns (Spearman, 1967). This armour acts as defense against predators as well as prey - ant and termite bites. While many mistake them for reptiles due to their scaly appearance, they are actually mammals. Adults grow to about 50 cm of body length with a tail of up to 47 cm, weighing from 5 to 7 kg (Lekagul & McNeely, 1988).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Features of a Pangolin **

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">These creatures do not have teeth but instead have a long tongue adapted to eating ants and termites quickly. This tongue is supported by muscles that start in the animal's pelvis (Wilson, 1994). Individuals have poor eyesight but have a keen sense of smell as well as good hearing, both of which they use to locate their prey.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Continue reading to find out more about their morphology and how to identify the //Manis javanica// from the other pangolin species.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Reproduction
media type="youtube" key="ROgPSerGC64?rel=0" height="346" width="616" align="right" <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Offspring are given birth to once each time (Payne & Francis, 1998), yet not many records exist on births per year and other information. Lim & Ng (2007) managed to estimate the gestation time of more than 130 days, and maternal care of about 3 to 4 months, for //M. javanica,// during which the offspring would often be carried on the tail of its mother (Wilson, 1994).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Not much else is known about the reproduction in pangolins due to their secretive nature and the difficulty in keeping them captive. The Malayan Pangolin has been successfully bred in the Singapore Night Safari before, unfortunately it did not survive very long after birth. The video on the right shows the ultrasound done on Nita the pangolin when she was pregnant.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Ecosystem Roles
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Pangolins have been said to control ant and termite populations in habitats that they exist in. Adults may consume about 70 million insects per year (Heath, 1992). The digging action they use during feeding also helps aerate the soil (Heath, 1992).

**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Habitat **
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Pangolins occur in various habitats including
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">grasslands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">tropical rainforests
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">hilly areas
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">agricultural habitats

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Geographical Range of M. javanica (Schlitter, 2005)


<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">The Malayan Pangolin occurs naturally throughout Southeast Asia:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Singapore*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Peninsula Malaysia*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Southern Myanmar
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Central and Southern Laos
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Central and Southern Vietnam
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Thailand*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Cambodia*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Sumatra*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Java*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Borneo*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">These areas have a single pangolin species: //Manis javanica.//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Distribution
media type="custom" key="21542068"

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Locally, pangolins are mostly restricted to the larger patches of forest like Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Central Catchment Nature Reserve and those in offshore islands of Pulau Tekong and Pulau Ubin. However, pangolins are occasionally chanced upon by members of the public as roadkill. Recently, individuals have also been seen in urban areas like pavements (STOMP, 2012) as well as residential high-rise flats (Teh, 2005). Yet, these areas are always near to patches of forest where they are likely to have wandered off from.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">There is a lack of studies on the pangolin populations in Singapore, as well as basic information on the //Manis javanica// such as its biology and behaviour. Therefore, the number of pangolins here is still unknown, and more research is needed to help inform authorities on effective conservation efforts.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The map above shows some of the previous sightings of the Malayan Pangolin in Singapore, click each location to see the date each was spotted. Many of those reported to be roadkill were collected by representatives of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research as specimens for the museum to study. Several live pangolins have also been spotted walking around in search for food, or simply lying curled up on a pavement. The video below shows a Malayan Pangolin on the move in Labrador Nature Reserve. Have you seen a pangolin in Singapore?

media type="youtube" key="aZL6YfQTMhw" height="315" width="560" align="left"



<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Threats to the Malayan Pangolin in Singapore
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The population of pangolins in Singapore is decreasing, enough so that it was listed in the Singapore Red Data Book by the NParks. It was labelled critically endangered due to its declining population here. Globally, the species is considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Redlist (2012).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The dropping numbers can be attributed to habitat loss due to deforestation etc, and illegal trade of pangolin meat, scales for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and more. The former is the primary cause in Singapore, along with roadkill due to the animal's wandering nature. Since most of Singapore's forested areas are surrounded by roads, individuals who stray too far off occasionally meet with an accident while crossing these heavily used roads such as the Bukit Timah expressway. Although the demand for pangolin scales and meat is not high locally, once in a while poachers try to catch them for illegal trade.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">In Singapore, it is illegal to remove pangolins from the wild under the Wild Animals and Birds Act. Additionally, those found in nature reserves are protected by the Parks and Trees Act 2005 .If you see a poacher, call NParks at 1800 4717300. To read more about poaching in Singapore, click here.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Have you seen a Pangolin in Singapore?
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">If you encounter a pangolin in the wild, here are some tips if its alive:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">observe the animal! It isn't everyday you get to see one first hand, so count yourself lucky!
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">do not provoke it or touch it.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">report the sighting. The Singapore mammal sightings page gathers information on sightings for education and research.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Threats
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The IUCN listed //Manis javanica// as being endangered (IUCN redlist, 2012), attributing the declining population numbers to high rates of poaching mostly for medicinal purposes. Although the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) listed the Malayan Pangolin in Appendix II and also passed a zero export quota in 2000, individuals are continually illegally hunted in native countries like Vietnam and Thailand, and then shipped mainly to China where there is high demand for the animal's scales and meat for product making, food and for use as medicine. Habitat destruction also contributes to the dwindling numbers.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">In Traditional Chinese Medicine, pangolin scales, or 穿山甲, are believed to help with deafness, cure malaria, stop excessive crying in children, promote menstruation, and more (Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2012). However, it is known that the scales in question are made up of keratinized cells which originate from the epidermis (Spearman, 1967), thus such medicinal value is unlikely.



<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Although pangolin meat is sometimes consumed within the country it is caught in, they are now mostly exported whole because of the high price hunters can fetch for each pangolin, up to US$95/kg in Vietnam (IUCN, 2012). The recent increase in China's affluence have caused demand to rise, with pangolin meat being claimed to cure varying diseases, from skin illnesses to cancer (IUCN redlist, 2012).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The low fecundity rate and dedication of the mother to its young contribute to the inability of pangolin populations to recover over such accelerated rates of hunting. Their defense mechanism of rolling into a ball also makes it easy for poachers to take them away live.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Although much is not known about the illegal trade of pangolins, its large scale is obvious, with about 1200 pangolins being seized in black market raids on several occasions across southeast asia (Abas, 2002). Previously in the 1950s-1960s an estimated 10 000 pangolins were exported from Borneo alone (IUCN, 2012). More recently, raids in Vietnam found a total of 23 tonnes of frozen pangolins uncovered across two occasions in 2008 (Traffic, 2008a). In the same year, police exposed a large scale smuggling exercise in Sabah, Indonesia, and 14 tonnes of frozen pangolins were confiscated. As a result of such massive killings, populations are overall estimated to have dropped 50% over 15 years (IUCN, 2012) with about a 90% drop in numbers in Laos in 10 years (IUCN, 2012).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Among the asiatic pangolins, the Malayan Pangolin is the species most threatened by trade (Brautigam, Howes, Humphreys & Hutton, 1994), with equally high rates of trade seen in //M. pentadactyla//.

===<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Conservation Actions ===

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">National laws have been passed to protect pangolins across countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia and Philippines. However, stricter enforcement is needed in these areas to ensure illegal hunting and trade do not occur.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Training and increasing the number of rangers and other authorities is one way of increasing enforcement of the laws passed on illegal trade and hunting. Setting up of rescue and rehabilitation centres for pangolins is important in ensuring the survival of pangolins recovered from hunters, etc. Also, increasing the knowledge through scientific research and studies allows for better and more effective conservation methods. These take place throughout the Southeast Asian region although currently not many studies have been done.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Several non-profit groups have also been set up with regards to conserving our Pangolins. Notable ones include the Pangolin Conservation Support Initiative, along with people running the Carnivore and Pangolin Conservation Programme.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">In Singapore, the zoological gardens organized a workshop on conservation and trade of pangolins in the Southeast Asian region in 2008. The convention allowed experts to exchange information on topics like biology and ecology, husbandry and rehabilitation, challenges and threats, and trade and conservation.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">What you can do to help

 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Do not consume** any sort of Pangolin products: meat, medicinal, hide, anything.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Report wildlife crime**. Contact your local authorities if you witness any poaching or illegal activity. For Singapore, call the NParks hotline: 1800 4717300
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Raise awareness.** Tell your friends and family the threats to pangolins and what they can do to help.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Contribute resources** and media to various databases to improve educational outreach.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Useful links on Pangolin conservation

 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: 27px;">Save Pangolins
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: 27px;">IUCN-SSC Pangolin Specialist Group
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: 27px;">Carnivore and Pangolin Conservation Programme in Vietnam

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Taxonomy ID: 9974

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Taxonavigation
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Animalia <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">--> Chordata <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">> Mammalia <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">--> Pholidota <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">> Manidae <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">--> //Manis// <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">//> Manis javanica//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Lineage
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Pholidota; Manidae; //Manis//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Phylogeny


<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Pangolins as a taxa (Pholidota: Manidae) was formerly thought to be more related to Xenarthrans, a group made up of armadillos, anteaters, and sloths (Gaudin & Wimble, 1999) than other groups of mammals. However recent studies which included genetic evidences produced a tree with Manidae being more related with Carnivora, forming a monophyletic group with the nested groups, as above (Becks et al, 2006). More studies are yet to be done to confirm the validity of this relationship.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Taxonomic History
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The status of the Palawan Pangolin, //Manis culionensis// (de Elera, 1915) was recognized to be a separate species from //M. javanica// by Feiler (1998) and then confirmed by Gaubert & Antunes (2005). It was initially listed under //Pholidotus culionensis// (Elera, 1895) but was much ignored by later literature on the subject. Gaubert & Antunes (2005) have also recently provided discrete morphological characters distinguishing the two species, increasing the total number of pangolin species to 8 globally.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Head
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Small and conical, the Malayan Pangolin's head also bears scales on its dorsal side, continuing from those from its back. These scales extend and almost reaches the rhinarium in the Sunda Pangolin, but stops short before reaching it. Scales nearing the rhinarium are smaller and weaker than the normal ones seen on its back.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Whiskers or vibrissae occur on its face, although they are reduced and short. They are found near the eyes and lips of the pangolin.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Both the eyes and ears of the //Manis javanica// are relatively small.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Feet
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The fore foot comprises of five digits, with the third digit being the largest, followed by the second and forth, and finally the first and fifth digits. The powerful claws protrude out from both the third and the fourth digits. The surface of the foot that faces upwards is coated in scales, while the bottom of the foot is only covered in fur and skin. On the bottom, a single granular pad occurs that covers the whole surface of the foot.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The hind foot also consists of five digits, and are arranged in mostly the same way as the fore foot for //Manis javanica//. Notably, the claws on the hind foot are almost as long as those in the fore foot, and are probably specialized for climbing trees.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Tail
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Malayan Pangolin's tail is muscular, and it is covered in scales as well. The arrangement of scales allow individuals of //Manis javanica// to be differentiated from other species. The scales are always symmetrical on the tail, with a line of scales that cut the middle of the tail, extending to its tip.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">At the tip of the tail also exists a cutaneous pad that is naked of scales. However, this pad is not smooth but instead have a faint roughness to touch.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Anus and Genitals
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The anus occurs in the middle of an eminence, and a pair of anal glands occur to the side of the anus. These glands contain foul smelling chemicals sometimes secreted as part of their defense mechanism. //Manis javanica// individuals have a very pronounced eminence, while the anus itself sometimes forms a depression on the eminence. Genitalia of both females and males are situated anterior to the anus.

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 160%;">Diagnosis: //Manis javanica//
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">There are currently 8 species of Pangolins globally, 4 each in Africa and Asia, including //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Manis javanica. //
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px;">African Pangolins:
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. tricuspis //
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. temminicki //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Smuts, 1832
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. gigantea //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Illiger, 1815
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. tetradactyl //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Linnaeus, 1766 || <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Asiatic Pangolins
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. javanica //
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. crassicaudata //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Gray, 1827
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. pentadactyl //
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">M. culionensis //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">(de Elera, 1915) ||

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The species of an Asiatic individual can be narrowed down by its geographical range, since in most areas only one species of pangolin occurs naturally. For example, any pangolin found in the forests of Singapore should be //M. javanica// since it is the only species there. This cannot be said, however, for parts of Myanmar, Vietnam and Laos, which are shared by both the Malayan Pangolin and the Chinese Pangolin, //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Manis pentadactyla. //

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Besides distribution, morphological features can be used to identify the Malayan pangolin. To narrow the species down, it should be noted that the Asiatic pangolins have bristles that protrude in between their scales, unlike the African pangolins (Pocock, 1924).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Of the 4 Asiatic pangolins, //M. javanica// and //M. culionensis// are morphologically most similar and are hardest to tell apart. However, examining the end of the tail of the pangolin would differentiate //M. javanica// and //M. culionensis// from //M. pentadactyla// and //M. crassicaudata.//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">As seen in figure 2, the circled area of the end of the tail is indicative of species of the Asiatic pangolins. Tails A and B have a terminal pad whereas tail C only has a terminal scale. However, the terminal pad in A is granular compared to B's which is naked. Tail A belongs to //M. pentadactyla,// tail B to //M. javanica// and //M. culionensis// while C to //M. crassicaudata.//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;"> Distinguishing //M. javanica// from //M. culionensis// is more tricky, with their status as separate species only recently being confirmed. Some diagnostic characters to determine one from the other is seen in the table below (Gaubert & Antunes, 2005).




 * ~ Diagnostic characters ||~ //Manis culionensis// ||~ //Manis javanica// ||
 * 1. Total number of scale rows || 19-21 || 15-18 ||
 * 2. Size of scales in nuchal, scapular, and postscapular || Small || Large ||
 * 3. Ratio of nasal bone to total skull length || <1/3 || >1/3 ||


 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Scale rows are counted along a virtual line perpendicular to the length of the pangolin, in the centre (Gaubert & Antunes, 2005). //M. javanica// havefewer scale rows of 15-18.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Scales in //M. javanica// are visibly larger.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The skull is more than 3 times the length of the nasal bone.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Other Useful Links

 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">IUCN redlist on Manis javanica
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Encyclopedia of Life
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Animal Diversity Web
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Natural History Museum

**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Literature and References **
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Brautigam, A., Howes, J., Humphreys, T., & Hutton, J. (1994). Recent information on the status and utilization of African pangolins. TRAFFIC Bull 15:15-22.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Beck, R. M. D., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Cardillo, M., Liu, F. G. R. & Purvis, A. (2006). A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals. BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 6:93.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chang, A. L. (2006). Tekong's treasures. The Straits Times, 25 April 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chou, L. M., Tan, H. T. W & Yeo, D. C. J. (2006) The natural heritage of Singapore. Prentice Hall, Singapore.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chua, G. (2012). Eye on Singapore; biodiversity in the Singapore story, 8 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Gaubert, P. & Antunes, A. (2005). Assessing the taxonomic status of the Palawan Pangolin //Manis culionensis// (Pholidota) using discrete morphological characters. Journal of Mammalogy 86(6):1068-1074.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Gaudin, T. J. & Wible, J. R. (1999). The entotympanic of pangolins and the phylogeny of the Pholidota (Mammalia). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 6(1):39-65.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Gaudin, T. J., Emry, R. J. & Wible J. R. (2009). The phylogeny of living and extint pangolins (Mammalia, pholidota) and associated taxa: a morphology based analysis. Journal of Mammal Evolution 16:235-305.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Heath, M. (1992). //Manis pentadactyla.// Mammalian Species 414:1-6.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Journal of Chinese Medicine (2012). Use in traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of Chinese medicine website, available at http://www.jcm.co.uk/index.php?id=1371. Accessed on 23 November 2012.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Lekagul B. & McNeely J. A. (1988). Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">MyPaper (2008). Another Pangolin found dead on road. MyPaper, 8 September 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Payne J. & Francis, C. M. (1988). A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Pocock, R. I. (1924). The external characters of the pangolins (Manidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1924:707-723.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Save Pangolins (2012). Found at www.savepangolins.org. Assessed on 14 November 2012.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">STOMP (2012). Found at <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">http://singaporeseen.stomp.com.sg/stomp/sgseen/in_the_heartlands/197714/pangolin_spotted_on_hillcrest_road.html?articlePage=&photosPage=&commentsPage=2. Assessed on 15 November 2012.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Spearman, R. I. C. (1967). On the nature of the horny scales of the pangolin. Journal of the Linnaean Society (Zoology) 46(310)267-273.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Teh, J. L. (2005). Woman finds this animal in her HDB flat. The New Paper, 23 March 2005. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Straits Times (2008). Hanging out in Bukit Panjang. The Straits Times, 30 January 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Straits Times (2008). Rare scaly anteater a victim of a road accident. The Straits Times, 11 August 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Straits Times (2007). Scaly guest pays a visit. The Straits Times, 26 January 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">TRAFFIC (2008a). 23 tonnes of pangolins seized in a week. TRAFFIC news, 17 March 2008. Accessed 24 November 2012, from <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">http://www.traffic.org/home/2008/3/17/23-tonnes-of-pangolins-seized-in-a-week.html

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">TRAFFIC (2008b). Indonesian police smash one of country's largest illegal wildlife smuggling operations. TRAFFIC news, 5 August 2008. Accessed 24 November 2012, from http://www.traffic.org/home/2008/8/5/indonesian-police-smash-one-of-countrys-largest-illegal-wild.html

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Wan, C. C. (2004). Wild life at their doorstep. The New Paper, 22 September 2004. Retrieved 23 November 2012, Factiva database.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Wilson, A. E. (1994). Husbandry of pangolins. International Zoo Yb 33:248-251.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Feedback and Comments
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Please feel free to leave any comments and experience(s) you have with pangolins! Alternatively, drop me an email at lek_nicole@hotmail.com.

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