Selatium+brockii

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 * Mangrove tree-dwelling crab ** //Selatium brockii// (De Man, 1887)

__ ** Introduction ** __ Do you find small, green, cat-like eyes staring out at you in the mangrove during the night time? These eyes actually belong to the mangrove tree-dwelling crab (//Selatium brockii//). It is commonly found under the barks of dead trunks or inside hollow trees in Southeast Asian mangroves (11) , seldom going down to the mud, hence the common name given. This species of crab is one of the few tree-dwelling mangrove crabs on Earth, which also includes the West Atlantic species, //Aratus pisonii,// and East African species, //Parasesarma leptosoma //(14) .

__Biology __

 * // [Animal's life history] //**

Habitat & Lifestyle
//S. brockii// is an arboreal (“living in trees”) species that is usually found at the seaward sandbank region of mangroves (3,14) . <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; height: 300px; width: 390px;">
 * // [Environment which the animal lives in and how it lives] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//S. brockii// are usually found in holes on tree trunks or underneath the bark of dead trees, and will come out of their hiding place during the night time to feed. It is possible that by feeding after night fall and spending most of their time in hollow trees, they reduce the chances of being eaten by hungry predators, such as fishes in the water, snakes or birds of prey. Their nocturnal activity may also be one of the methods of reducing desiccation, as there is lower temperature and higher humidity at night <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">. The crabs are usually found between 1.5m to 3.0m high from the ground, probably related to the availability of epiphytic ("grows on another plant for mechanical support") algae that they feed on, which grow on lower parts of the tree trunks <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(9,14) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Most of the crabs that belong to the the Sesarmidae (see "Taxonomy & Phylogeny") dig burrows in the mud. As //S. brockii// spends most of its time on trees, it does not dig burrows <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(14) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">, which is a unique characteristic that completely separates it from its other Sesarmidae relatives.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Diet and Feeding

 * // [What and how the animal eats] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The spoon-tipped structure of the chelae suggest that //S. brockii// is an algae feeder; but it is known to be an opportunistic omnivore, eating mangrove leaves and even insects at times <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(14) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">. The sharp cutting edges of the fingers are usually used to tear off pieces of vegetation, which will be cut into smaller fragments by the mandibles ("chewing mouthparts on either side of the mouth"). The fragments will be ground into even smaller particles by the gastric mill, which is situated inside the crab body. Following this, the small particles will be broken down by commensal ("one organism benefits another") bacteria present in the gut of the crab <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(13) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Respiration out of water
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//S. brockii// possess gills, but they have to breathe air because of their terrestrial habits. Like all other Sesarmidae crabs, they possess reticulate ("net-like") patterns next to their mouth parts, called the "pterygostomial region" (similar to that of //Perisesarma eumolpe//). Water is taken up at the bases of the pereiopods through the action of setae ("short stiff hair") and flows to the gills, where gaseous exchange occurs. //S. brockii// will retain a "bubble" of water in their gill chamber. The "bubble" of water is then pumped out at the pterygostomial region, but will be retained and oxygenated on the large surface area of the setae that are also present on this structure <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">. This structure helps to circulate and oxygenate water in the gill chamber continuously when //S. brockii// are out of water, enabling them to breathe atmospheric air for some time <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(15) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">.
 * // [How the animal breathes in air] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Social interaction
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Similar to many other animals, //S. brockii// will fight when they are competing for limited resources, including males fighting for females as the motive principle of mating. Contest ethology of //S. brockii// comprises of jabs, grapples, stridulation, and lunges, in which the crab uses one or both of its chelae to attack its opponent. The most interesting fighting behaviour would be stridulation, as it involves specific morphological structures on the chelae - a row of pectinated teeth on the palm of the chelae of male crabs <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**(circled in red)**, <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> and a row of dome-shaped tubercles on the dactylus **<span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(circled in yellow) **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">. Both of the structures are present on the dorsal side of the chelae. As //S. brockii// is a tree-dwelling species, most of the fighting occurs atop the tree trunks.
 * // [How the animal interacts with other organisms] //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Jab: Rapid strike using a single chela, alternating chelae, or both chelae simultaneously. It is often used together with “grapple”.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Grapple: Crabs interlock chelae and push against each other.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Stridulation: The crab begins by stretching out its walking legs, twisting its body to one side, and putting one chela down on a wooden surface vertically, with the cheliped finger on the wood. It will scrap its other chela down the dorsal surface of the vertically-positioned chela until it strikes the wood, creating a knocking sound. These scraping motions are repeated around 3-17 times, and are thought to be a signal to the crab’s opponent about its strength and stamina.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[Cited from Godsall & Smallegange, 2011 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Lunge: A powerful strike characterized by a leap towards the opponent, often knocking the opponent off the tree or wood.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Larval development
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The fertilized eggs of crabs are carried by the females at the abdomen as the eggs develop, and will be released into the water when they hatch. The larval development of //S. brockii// consists of 4 zoeal stages and 1 megalopa stage <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(18) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">The zoea and megalopa live in brackish water before they grow into small crabs, followed by multiple rounds of molting to reach their adult size.
 * // [Life stages of the juvenile form] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">As the current results on larval development of //S. brockii// were conducted and observed under laboratory conditions, the exact natural environment that the larvae occupy during development and the precise time of larvae release is not known.

__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%; line-height: 1.5;">Distribution __
//** [The manner in which a species is spatially arranged] **//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//S. brockii// is found in mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">media type="custom" key="24370958" align="right"

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">A list of places where this species has been found:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Andaman Islands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Bohol, Central Visayas, Philippines
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Fiji
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Halmahera, North Maluku, Indonesia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Kenya
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Northern Territory, Australia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Phuket, Thailand
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Pichavaram, India
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Pohnpei, Micronesia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Queensland, Australia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Sarawak, Malaysia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Singapore
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Solomon Islands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Tanzania
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Western New Guinea, Indonesia

__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%;">Name __

 * // [Given names of the animal] //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Binomial: Selatium brockii (De Man, 1887) **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Synonym: Sesarma brockii **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Vernacular: Mangrove tree-dwelling crab **

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Etymology

 * // [Why is the animal named in this way] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Original statement cited from De Man’s 1887 book <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">, which was written in German -“Eine neue art, welche ich in meinem Berichte über die von Herrn DR. BROCK gesammelten Decapoden ausführlicher beschreiben werde.”

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Translation - “A new type, which I will describe in more detail in my reports on the information gathered from Dr. Brock’s decapods collection.”

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">It is possible that De Man named //S. brockii// after the collector of the specimen, Dr Johannes Georg Friedrich Brock.

__ **<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%;">Diagnosis ** __
 * // [How to differentiate this species from the rest] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//S. brockii// is the only species of //Selatium// that occurs in Singapore. It is not morphologically similar to any other species of crab in Singapore. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The unique morphological characteristics of //S. brockii// include -

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Oblique bands present on the carapace and legs. - **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(pink arrow) ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. A flat, quadrate carapace, which is wider than longer. - **<span style="color: #ff8f00; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(orange brace) ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Deep grooves present on regions of the carapace, particularly between the eyes. - **<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffff00; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(yellow circle) ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. A distinct sharp tooth at the lateral margins of the carapace near the eyes. - **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(red arrow) ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. The dorsal margin of the palm of the chelae has a row of pectinated (comb-like) teeth in males, while the dorsal margin of the dactylus has a row of dome-shaped tubercles (used in stridulation). - **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2d72b9; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(blue arrow) ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Note: Detailed morphology of the chela can be found in the "Description" section. //

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The closest relative of //S. brockii// is //S. elongatum//, another mangrove crab from //Selatium//, and is not found in Singapore.

__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%;">Description __

 * // [Detailed description of the animal's morphology] //**



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Size**
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Around 2cm – 2.5cm.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Pattern**
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Oblique bands present on the carapace and legs.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Carapace**

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Flat, quadrate, wider then longer.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Deep grooves demarcate the different regions of the carapace.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">A distinct sharp tooth is present at the lateral margins of the carapace near the eyes.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Chelipeds**

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Equal or subequal in size and shape in adult males; females have smaller chelae.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The outer and inner surfaces of the chelae are granular.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The tips of fingers are hoofed (spoon-like), with sharp cutting edges.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chelae and fingers are relatively long.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The dorsal margin of the palm of the chelae has a row of pectinated teeth in males, which is replaced by tubercles in females. [[image:taxo4254/Selatium brockii_abdomen, sternum (description).png width="537" height="339" align="right" caption="Morphology of anterior sternum and abdomen of S. brockii (Drawing: Lim Le Ying)"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The dorsal margin of the dactylus has a row of dome-shaped tubercles in both sexes.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Abdomen

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 17px;">Triangular shape.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 17px;">The telson is slightly longer than wide with a round tip.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Pereiopods **

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Also called "ambulatory legs" or "walking legs".
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Relatively long, with the third pair of legs being the longest.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Long propodi and short dactyli as compared to land-dwelling crabs.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[Cited from Schubart et al., 2009 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(11) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">; Fratini et al., 2005 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(3) ]

__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%;">Taxonomy & Phylogeny __

 * // [Description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Taxonomic classification

 * // [Classification of the species according to traditional ranks] //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Animalia[[image:Selatium brockii_Sesarma brockii drawing 1888 (biology).jpg align="right" caption="Original drawing by De Man in 1888."]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Arthropoda
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Crustacea
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Malacostraca
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Decapoda
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Brachyura
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Grapsoidea
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Sesarmidae
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Selatium //
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">//Selatium brockii// (De Man, 1887)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Taxonomic history
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**//Sesarma brockii//** - De Man, 1887; De Man, 1888; Thallwitz, 1891; Ortmann, 1894; Alcock, 1900 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Sesarma (**//**subgenus** //**Episesarma) brockii**// - De Man, 1895; Nobili, 1901 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Sesarma (**//**subgenus** //**Sesarma) brockii**// – Nobili, 1900; De Man, 1902; Nobili, 1903; Tweedie 1936 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(17) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Sesarma (Sesarma s.s.) brockii**// – Tesch, 1917 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Sesarma (**//**subgenus** //**Sesarma) brockii**// – Serène, 1968 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Neoepisesarma (**//**subgenus** //**Selatium) brocki**// - Serène & Soh 1970 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(12) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Sesarma (**//**subgenus** //**Neoepisesarma) brocki**// - Davie, 1982; Morgan, 1990 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Selatium brocki**// - Hartnoll 1975; Tan & Ng 1988; Tan & Ng 1994 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">//**Selatium brockii**// - Sivasothi et al., 1993; Sivasothi, 2000; Fratini et al., 2005; Schubart et al., 2006; Ng et al., 2008; Schubart et al., 2009 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[Cited from Tesch, 1917 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(16) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">; Morgan, 1990 (8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">; Schubart et al., 2009 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: super;">(11) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">]
 * // [Naming of the species from the past until now] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Phylogenetic Tree
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The tree below shows the phylogenetic relationship between species within Sesarmidae (the study was primarily based on East African species <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">, therefore it does not comprise of all of the species within Sesarmidae ).
 * // [Inferred evolutionary relationships among biological species based upon their physical and/or genetic characteristics] //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">As shown in the tree, //S. brockii// and //S. elongatum// are monophyletic, thus supporting their grouping as the closest-related species.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Type information
//** [A particular specimen that serves to anchor the defining features of that particular taxon] **// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The specimen that was examined by De Man in 1887 was collected by Dr Johannes Georg Friedrich Brock in 1885, but it cannot be located currently. It cannot be found at any of the repositories that De Man was known to have deposited his specimens, including Zoological Museum Amsterdam (collections were moved to the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden in 2011), the then Leiden Museum (now Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum), and Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Note: According to De Man’s 1887 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> and 1887-1888 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; vertical-align: super;">(7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">papers, the specimen was a 26mm x 23mm male //S. brockii//, collected from Ambon (then ‘Amboina’), Indonesia.

__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%; line-height: 1.5;">Links to relevant sites __
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The annotated budak - Cluckings on life, nature and ducks.@http://budak.blogs.com/the_annotated_budak/2012/02/selatium.html <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The tide chaser. @http://tidechaser.blogspot.sg/2013/07/climber-crabs-sesarmidae-singapore.html <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Blogger.com. Singapore: Mandai mangroves at night -- crabs that climb trees. - @http://240kids.blogspot.sg/2008/03/mandai-mangroves-at-night-crabs-that.html
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Blogs **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">A guide to seashore life in Singapore. @http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/pub/seashore/text/199.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Guide to the mangroves of Singapore. @http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/2050.htm
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Online books **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Atlas of Living Australia - sharing biodiversity knowledge. @http://bie.ala.org.au/species/Selatium+brockii <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) - Taxonomy Browser. @http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">World Register of Marine Species (WORMS). @http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=444673
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Taxonomic information and specimens **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Wild Singapore – wild fact sheets. @http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/crustacea/crab/sesarmidae/sesarmidae.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">A field guide to Kenyan mangroves. Selatium elongatum. @http://www.madeinnys.com/mangrove/s_elongatum.htm
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Personal websites **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Catalogue of Life (COL). @http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2013/details/species/id/12813617 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). @http://eol.org/pages/2981536/overview <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">@http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/journal.html
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Online databases **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Purpose cartoon by Stuart Millen. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">http://www.stuartmcmillen.com/comics_en/purpose/#page-1 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.5;">Zamora's editorial cartoon - Crab mentality. @http://zamoracartoons.blogspot.sg/2011/05/crab-mentality.html
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Comics **

__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%;">Literature and references __

 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Felgenhauer, B. E. & Abele, L. G. (1983). Branchial water movement in the grapsid crab //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Sesarma reticulatum //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> Say. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Journal of Crustacean Biology, 3 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(2), 187-195.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Fransen, C.H.J.M., Holthuis, L.B. & Adema, J.P.H.M. (1997). Type-catalogue of the Decapod Crustacea in the collections of the Nationaal Naturhistorisch Museum, with appendices of pre-1900 collectors and material. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Zoologische Verhandelingen, 311 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> (i–xvi), 1–344
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Fratini, S., Vannini, M., Cannicci, S. & Schubart, C.D. (2005). Tree-climbing mangrove crabs, a case of convergent evolution. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Evolutionary Ecology Research, 7 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(2), 219-233
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Godsall, B. & Smallegange, I.M. (2011). Assessment Games and Competitive Behaviour of the Mangrove Tree-Dwelling Crab, //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Selatium brockii //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> (De Man, 1887) (Decapoda, Grapsidae). //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Crustaceana, 84 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(14), 1697–1718
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Kyomo, J. (1986). Reproductive activities in the sesarmid crab //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Sesarma intermedia //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> in the coastal and estuarine habitats of Hakata, Japan. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Marine Biology, 91 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(3), 319-329.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Man, J.G. De (1887). //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Uebersicht der Indo-pacifischen Arten der Gattung Sesarma Say nebst einer Kritik der von W. Hess und E. Nauck in den Jahren 1865 und 1880 beschriebenen Decapoden //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abtheilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, Vol. 2, p. 651 https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_107272_uebersichtderindopacifischenar1887/uebersichtderindopacifischenar1887#page/n13/mode/2up/search/brockii
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Man, J.G. De (1887–1888). Bericht über die von Herrn Dr. J. Brock im indischen Archipel gesammelten Decapoden und Stomatopoden. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 53 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(1), 373-377, Taf XVI. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41647#page/169/mode/thumb
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Morgan, G.J. (1990). A collection of Thalassinidea, Anomura and Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the Kimberley region of Northwestern Australia. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Zoologische Verhandelingen, 265 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(1), 1-90
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Ng, P. K. L., Sivasothi N, Lim, K. K. P., & Singapore Science Centre (2002). //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">A guide to the mangroves of singapore: Animal diversity / II. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> Singapore: Singapore Science Centre.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Schubart, C. D., Cannicci, S., Vannini, M., & Fratini, S. (2006). Molecular phylogeny of grapsoid crabs (decapoda, brachyura) and allies based on two mitochondrial genes and a proposal for refraining from current superfamily classification. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 44 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(3), 193-199
 * 11) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Schubart, C.D., Liu, H-C. & Ng, P.K.L. (2009). Revision of //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Selatium //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with description of a new genus and two new species. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Zootaxa, 2154 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">, 1-29
 * 12) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Serène, R. & Soh, C.L. (1970). New Indo-Pacific genera allied to //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Sesarma //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> Say, 1877 (Brachyura, Decapoda, Crustacea). //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Treubia, 27 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(4), 387–416
 * 13) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Sree, A. (2002). //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Proceedings of the National Conference on Utilization of Bioresources, NATCUB-2002, October 24-25, 2002, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> New Delhi: Allied Publ.
 * 14) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Sivasothi, N. (2000). Niche Preferences of Tree-Climbing Crabs in Singapore Mangroves. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Crustaceana, 73 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">(1), 25-38
 * 15) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Tan, L. W. H. & Ng, P. K. L. (2001). //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">A guide to seashore life. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> Singapore: The Centre.
 * 16) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Tesch, J.J. (1917) Synopsis of the genera //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Sesarma, Metasesarma, Sarmatium //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> and //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Clistocoeloma, //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> with a key to the determination of the Indo-Pacific species. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Zoologische Mededelingen, 3 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">, 127–260, pls. 15–17.
 * 17) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Tweedie, M.W.F. (1936) On the crabs of the family Grapsidae in the collection of the Raffles Museum. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 12 //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">, 44–70, pls. 14, 15.
 * 18) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Vuayakumaranan, G. & Kunnupandi, T. (1987). Laboratory-reared zoeae and megalopa of the mangrove crab //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Sesarma brockii //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> De Man. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">Ind. J. Fish., 34, //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"> 133–144