Terminalia+catappa

Sea Almond Tree //Terminalia catappa// (Linnaeus, 1767) toc Figure 1. Long spreading branches of a Sea Almond tree arranged in tiers, forming a distinct pagoda-shape. Photo licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Unported License. Edited by Emily Chua

= 1. What is it? =

//Terminalia catappa//, known as the Sea Almond tree, is a common coastal tree species in the family Combretaceae. It is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and can be recognized by its distinct tiered branching. The trees are highly useful as they provide important economical, medical and environmental benefits to the local communities which they are found in.

Scientific name – //Terminalia catappa// L.

Common names – Sea Almond, Indian Almond, Tropical Almond, Ketapang, 榄仁树

= 2. What's in a name? =

This genus of trees derives its Latin name, //Terminalia//, from the position of its leaves, which are spirally clustered at the end of its branches.

Figure 2. Leaves of the Sea Almond tree are spirally clustered at the 'terminal' ends of the shoot tips. © Emily Chua

= 3. Ecology & Biology =

3.1 Growth conditions
It is commonly found along the coastal and wetland areas. Thus, it has a high tolerance to salinity, high light intensity/drought and windy conditions. It is also able to grow in sandy or loamy soils, in media that are either acidic or alkaline. Its seeds are adapted to water dispersal by oceanic currents as they are very light and buoyant 1].

3.2 Pollination
Flowers of this tree produce traces of nectar and large amounts of pollen, thus they are pollinated by insects such as stingless bees (//Trigona// sp.) and honey bees (Apis sp.) 2].

3.3 Dispersal
The fruits of the Sea Almond are dispersed by water. They are very lightweight and have a fibrous husk which allows them to float on water once they fall into the sea. They are able to survive floating on water for a few months, carried by the ocean currents to another suitable shore before it germinates 1].

Besides this abiotic dispersal method, the fruits of the Sea Almond tree may also be eaten and dispersed by bats.

= 4. Where can the trees be found? =

4.1 Native range
The Sea Almond tree is a perennial tree species which is widely distributed throughout tropical Asia (Southeast Asia, India) to North Australia and Polynesia (South Pacific region). It is usually associated with tropical coastal habitats such as tropical beach forests, rocky and sandy beaches and even at the edges of mangrove swamps.

Native to East Indies and Oceania and now found throughout the Tropics including Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines 3].

4.2 In Singapore
The Sea Almond tree is common along coastal areas such as Changi Beach, East Coast Park and Labrador Park. However, they may also be cultivated along roadsides and in parks in urban environments for ornamental purposes and to provide shade with their distinct pagoda-like shape and moderately large leaves.

Local conservation status: Common / Native of Singapore 4].

4.3 Global distribution
Being adapted to growing in a wide range of substrates and in the presence of harsh abiotic conditions, the Sea Almond tree readily naturalizes in suitable tropical littoral habitats. This makes them a potential weed threat to native plant communities since they may out-compete other slow-growing endemic species 5].

media type="custom" key="26845812" Map showing global distribution of the Sea Almond tree: native range (red pins), distribution in Singapore (yellow pins) and naturalized ranges (green pins).

= 5. How do I identify a Sea Almond tree? =

5.1 Size
Maximum height: 15 - 30 m Diameter at breast height (d. b. h.): About 1.5 m

5.2 Leaves
**Fun fact! ** The Sea Almond tree is deciduous and it sheds its leaves twice a year 4]. Their leaves turn red/yellow in colour as the plant draws nutrients back from its leaves for recycling before they are shed. Figure 3. (Left) Leaves arranged in whorls. (Right) Red / yellow coloured leaves that are shed. © Emily Chua


 * **Type ** || * Simple ||
 * **Shape ** || * Obovate


 * Short petioles which are about 5 - 15 mm long ||
 * **Size ** || * Length: Approximately 140 - 270 mm


 * Width: Approximately 100 - 160 mm ||
 * **Arrangement ** || * Arranged in whorls as a flattened sprays of leaves rosettes 6]


 * Evenly spaced branches forming a distinct tiered structure <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">6] ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Texture ** || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Young leaves are sericeous which become glabrous and have a glossy surface with age


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Old leaves are leathery and glossy on their upper surface and slightly hairy on their undersides. ||

5.3 Flowers
**<span style="color: #009e8e; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Fun fact! ** The flowers of the Sea Almond tree are bisexual, meaning that there are both male and female flowers on the same plant! Such plants usually have biological mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization from occurring. Figure 4. (Left) An inflorescence of Sea Almond flowers. Used with permission. © Alexey Sergeev (Right) Close-up of a single Sea Almond flower. Used with permission. © Barry Jago


 * ** Location ** || * At the terminal ends of the branch tips ||
 * ** Arrangement ** || * Arranged as an inflorescence in spikes ||
 * ** Size ** || * Length of inflorescence: Approximately 150 - 250 mm


 * Single flower: 8 - 12 mm ||
 * ** Colour ** || * Cream / Off-white ||
 * ** Stamen ** || * 8 - 12 present ||
 * ** Petals ** || * Absent ||
 * ** Position of ovary ** || * Inferior ||
 * **Position of male and female flowers** || * Female flowers: usually found closer to the base of the branches; sessile


 * Male flowers: usually found at the apical part of the branches; have stalks


 * Some inflorescences only have male flowers 1] ||

5.4 Fruits
Figure 5. (Left) A single Sea Almond fruit. Used with permission. © CameliaTWU (Center) Dried Sea Almond fruit and a single kernel. Used with permission. © Steve Hurst (Right) Fresh fruit of the Sea Almond tree with partial exocarp. © Emily Chua


 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Description ** || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Drupe


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Indehiscent


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Single seed encased in a tough fibrous and woody pericarp within a fleshy pericarp ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Shape ** || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Ellipsoid and compressed and have 2 ridges around its edge <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">7]


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Lacks wing-like structures, unlike other species in the same family (Combretaceae) ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Size ** || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Length: Approximately 55 - 65 mm


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Width: 35 - 40 mm ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Stalk ** || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Absent ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Colour ** || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Green when unripe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">7]


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Red / yellow when ripe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">7]


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Brown when dried <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">7] ||

= 6. One tree, many uses =

**<span style="color: #009e8e; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Fun fact! ** The dried leaves of the Sea Almond tree, also known as Ketapang leaves, are very popular as a natural medicine and water conditioner for aquarium use because of their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Food

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The kernel within the Sea Almond fruit is edible and tastes like almond nuts, where the plant derives its common name. Similarly, the oil extracted from the kernel is similar to almond oil.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The kernel has a relatively high protein content and is used as a substitute for oils such as groundnut and cottonseed oil <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">8] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">.

Figure 6. Photo of the Sea Almond fruit at various stages of ripeness. Fruit in the middle has been sawn into half to reveal the kernel within. Photo licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Unported License. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Medicinal / Pharmaceutical

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Extracts of the flowers, fruits, bark, leaves and stem of the Sea Almond tree have long been used in traditional folk medicine to treat common diseases and ailments such as malaria and diabetes. For example, the oil extracted from the seeds of the Sea Almond tree can be used to relieve abdominal inflammations. In Africa, the leaves of the Sea Almond tree are known to have anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Current studies have been done to further confirm the medicinal properties and active compounds in the plant. Extracts of Sea Almond fruits produced significant anti-diabetic activity in diabetic rat models <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">9] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">. In addition, the extracts of the leaves of the Sea Almond tree have been demonstrated to have hepato-protective and anti-oxidant functions and contain compounds such as hydrolysable tannins and triterpenoids <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">10] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Soaking dried leaves in water of the Sea Almond tree lowers the pH of the aquarium tank water and releases anti-bacterial and anti-fungal compounds.These compounds also promote spawning in fish species and the healing of fungal fin rots in fish. This has potential applications in the area of aquaculture since studies has shown that adding leaf extracts of //T. catappa// can reduce fungal infections in the eggs of the economically important food fish, tilapia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">11] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Figure 7. Dried Sea Almond leaves used in aquariums to lower the pH of the water and provide anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Photo credit: © AquaBid.com ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Functional

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The trees are planted in countries and utilized by the local community for a variety of household uses, such as firewood and timber as raw materials for making furniture, wooden flooring and even boats in some developing countries.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The bark, fruits and sometimes leaves of the tree are used as a source of tannins. Tannins are chemical compounds which can be used to dye materials such as cotton and rattan to brown, orange or red colour <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">6] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In addition, the bark of the Sea Almond tree is also a source of resin for making varnishes and adhesives. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Environmental benefits

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Terminalia is related to other mangrove taxa in the same family such as Lumnitzera and Languncularia. As such, they also provide the same ecosystem service of coastal stabilization since they usually grow by the coastal areas and thus help to protect the coastline from erosion by constant wave action <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">1] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">.



<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Figure 8. Photo of the Sea Almond tree along the coast. Photo licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Unported License. ||

= 7. A lookalike tree? =

The Sea Almond tree may be confused with another similar-looking tree, known as the Cabbage Tree in Singapore (//Fagraea crenulata// Maingay ex C.B. Clarke, Gentianaceae).

Figure 9. (Top center) Full height of the Fagraea crenulata tree. (Bottom left) Small thorns on the surface of the trunk of the tree. (Bottom center) Inflorescence of the tree. (Bottom right) Cluster of fruits of the tree. Photos used with permission. © uforest.org
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**Height of tree** || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Approximately 25 -30 m ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**Habit** || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Also has tiered branching


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Not deciduous ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**Leaves** || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Leaves do not turn red <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: super;">12]


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Leaves are not stalked


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Rounder and larger than the Sea Almond tree ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**Trunk** || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Has small thorns which disappear upon maturity ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**Flowers** || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Occur as an inflorescence


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Slightly larger than a flowers of the Sea Almond tree


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Have a strong fragrance ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**Fruits** || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Much smaller than the fruits of the Sea Almond tree, oblong in shape ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**Distribution** || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Native to mangrove swamps of South Malaysia, cultivated in gardens or by the roadsides <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: super;">13] ||

= 8. Taxonomy & Systematics =

**8.1 Classification**

Kingdom – Plantae Division – Trachaeophyta

Class – Magnoliopsida Order – Myrtales Family – Combretaceae Genus – Terminalia Species – Terminalia catappa L.

A more detailed version of the taxonomic classification of T. catappa can be found on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

**<span style="color: #009e8e; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Did you know? ** <span style="color: #9f000e; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">A single organism may be described more than once by different people! In such cases, the first description of the species would be retained as the formal name and the subsequent descriptions would be referred to as synonyms.

8.2 Synonyms
//Badamia commersonii// Gaertn. (1790) //Buceras catappa// Hitchc. (1893) //Juglans catappa// Lour. (1790) //Myrobalanus catappa// Kuntze (1891) //Terminalia procera// Roxb. (1811)

More information on the synonyms of //T. catappa// here.

8.3 DNA barcodes
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Two choloroplast genes, matK and rbcL have been sequenced for //T. catappa// and are available for download from GenBank via the links.

8.4 Phylogeny
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Few studies have been done to resolve the complex phylogenetic relationships within the family Combretaceae. Plastid and nuclear sequences have been used to reconstruct the phylogeny within the family Combretaceae. According to one such study done by Maurin et. al (2010), it is suggested that the genus //Terminalia// forms a paraphyletic group. The bootstrap values of //T. catappa// are low, thus its clade is not present in the strict consensus tree <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: super;">14] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Figure 10. (Top) One of the equally parsimonious trees based on the combined plastid data. //T. catappa// is boxed up in red box. Arrows indicate clades that are not present in the strict consensus tree (in green box). (Bottom) Zoomed in phylogenetic tree. Photo credit: Olivier Maurin (Permission pending).

8.5 Type information
//Terminalia catappa// was first described by Linnaeus in //Systema Naturae//, ed. 12, 2: 674, in 1767. Subsequently, a lectotype (LINN-1221.1) for //T. catappa// was designated and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Figure 11. Type specimen (lectotype) of Terminalia catappa stored in the Natural History Museum, London, as part of the Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. Photo credits: Natural History Museum of London (Permission pending).

**9. Glossary**


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Obovate** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Leaf shape; egg-shaped, but narrow at the base ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Petiole ** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Botany; leaf stalk ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Whorl** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Arrangement; a spiral cluster ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Sericeous** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Bearing small fine hairs ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Glabrous** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Having a smooth, even, glossy surface ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Inflorescence** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Botany; a cluster of flowers ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Sessile / Not stipulate** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Botany; not having a stalk ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Apical** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Botany; the tip ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Drupe** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Botany; fleshy fruit with a stony andocarp ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Indehiscent** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Botany; describing fruits that do not split open at maturity but rely on predation or natural decay to release its seeds ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Pericarp** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Botany; the walls of a ripened ovary or fruit. It may sometimes be further classified into three layers: the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Hepato-protective** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Medical; the ability to prevent damage to the liver. (‘hepato-’ meaning liver) ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Hydrolysable tannins** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A type of tannin that can be broken down by weak acids or weak bases to produce carbohydrates and phenolic compounds ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Triterpenoids** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chemical compounds commonly derived from plants which are associated with cancer prevention and treatment ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Taxa** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Taxonomy; a group of any rank, such as species, class or family ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Synonym** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Taxonomy; an alternative name which is used to refer to a species ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Lectotype** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Taxonomy; a lectotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of syntypes. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Type specimen** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Taxonomy; the specimen, or each of a set of specimens, on which the description and name of a new species is based ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Plastid** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Biology; a small, double-membraned organelle in plant cells, such as the chloroplast, which contains ribosomes, DNA and pigments ||

= 10. Useful links =


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> USDA Plant Database
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Encyclopedia of Life
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">NParks Flora Fauna Web

= 11. Literature and References =

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[1] Encyclopaedia of Life, 2012. //Terminalia catappa: Indian Almond//. @http://eol.org/pages/582724/overview (Accessed 7 Nov.2014)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[2] Atluri, J. B., C. Subba & S. P. Venkata, 2003. //Breeding and pollination systems in the Indian Almond tree Terminalia catappa.// Ecology, Environment and Conservation. **9**(3): 331-335.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[3] Jensen, M., 2001. //Trees and fruits of Southeast Asia: An illustrated field guide//. Orchid Press, Bangkok.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[4] National Parks Board, Singapore, 2013. //Terminalia catappa// L. @https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/Special-Pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=2894 (Accessed 23 Oct.2014).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[5] Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2009. //Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Lists//. @http://www.fleppc.org/list/list.htm (Accessed 25 Oct.2014)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[6] Rao, A., & Y. C, Wee, 1989. //Singapore trees//. Singapore Institute of Biology, Singapore. 311 pp.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[7] Wee, Y. C., 1989. //A guide to the Wayside trees of Singapore//. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore. 86 pp.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[8] Selvam, V., 2007. //Trees and shrubs of the Maldives//. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture, and Marine Resources, Maldives. pp. 165-166

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