Littoraria+articulata

**//Littoraria articulata// (Philippi, 1846)** Rock Periwinkle Click HERE] of you urgently need to identify //L. articulata//
 * [[image:Yi Gain 1a.jpg width="364" height="364"]][[image:taxo4254/Yi Gain 1b.jpg width="363" height="363"]] ||
 * Fig 1. Shell of //Littoraria articulata// from St John’s Island, Singapore. Image by Tan Yi Gain ||

toc =__Introduction__= Click HERE] of you urgently need to identify //L. articulata// //Littoraria articulata// are small marine snails that can be found on rocks and (despite its name) on mangroves roots along the coastline of tropical and temperate zones 1]. They are one species often referred to as rock periwinkle snails due to their abundance on rocks and rocky shores 2]. The term rock periwinkle is also used to refer to several other //Littoraria// species found on rocks or rocky shores. Click HERE] of you urgently need to identify //L. articulata//
 * [[image:Yi Gain 2.jpg width="695" height="523" align="center"]] ||
 * Fig 2. //Littoraria// in its "natural" habitat. Image by Tan Yi Gain ||
 * [[image:Yi Gain 3.jpg width="351" height="351" align="center"]] ||
 * Fig 3. //Littoraria// are small in size. Note this image contains several //Littoraria// species including //L. articulata// and //L. strigata.// Image by Tan Yi Gain ||

One of such species (see Fig 3) even look so similar to the //L. articulata// that it is impossible to distinguish them in the field 3]4] and Reid suggests further research is required to verify that they are distinct species 1]. This species may look unremarkable when clustered together on rocks due to its small size with a shell height ranging from 6 to 20mm1] and seemingly dark and plain looking shell when observed from afar. However, a closer inspection is required to appreciate its polymorphic shell patterns and coloration.

=Life History and Behaviour= back to top]

Always wondered how snails reproduced? Here are some highlights of the life history of //L. articulata.//

**Promiscuous males** //L. articulata// is a Gonochoristic (individuals are distinct separate sexes) species and females have the tendency to spawn around August 4]. Male //L. articulata// are not able to recognize the gender of other //L. articulata// during the mating process as they are neither able to distinguish nor discriminate between male and female slime trails. This is due to the females not always releasing chemical cues in their trails in dense populations 5] as seen in Fig 2 and Fig 3.

**Egg capsules and larvae** Females release fertilized eggs into the sea 1] in large numbers and tend to peak during spring tide, especially full moon 4]. The egg capsule of //L. articulata// are about 250µm in diameter, transparent, biconvex discs and slightly more convex on one side (Fig 4.) Eggs were recorded to either have the thickened rim as shown on Fig 4 and by Reid 1] or without the rim by Mak 6].
 * [[image:Yi Gain 4.jpg width="354" height="354" align="center"]] ||
 * Fig 4. Egg capsule and larvae of //L. articulata//. Illustrated by Tan Yi Gain. Egg capsule top view (left top), side view (left bottom) and freshly hatched larvae (right). ||

Each capsule protects a single egg [ 1 ].

Not much have been studied about the life cycle of //L. articulata// as well as larval development. Freshly laid eggs were observed to hatch within the week (Personal Observation) into planktonic larvae (Fig 4).

//Littoraria// are herbivores that feed on algae by extending their mouth to the surface and scrapping food up with their radula (toothed tongue) which can be clearly seen in the video below. Periwinkle snails (Littorinids) in general are predated by shore birds and crabs 7]. Behaviors to prevent predation include moving (transplanting) to different heights with tide changes. 7]. After transplanting to a different elevation, the snails hide in their shells which lowers their chances of being crushed by large crabs and birds or have parts of their shell broken or peeled away from smaller predators like small crabs 7].
 * Eat to move, move to eat **
 * media type="youtube" key="V5eN9gIdBjw" height="360" width="640" ||
 * Video 1. //Littoraria// Snail Feeding Behaviour. The mouth is observed to extend towards the glass and the radula can be seen scrapping the glass surface. Video by Tan Yi Gain ||
 * Run, Hide, Tell **

=Morphology= back to top] Description of morphology and diagnostic characteristics are mainly adapted from [ 1 ] based on the neotype. Anatomy and functions are based on 8]. All photographs and illustrations are based on //Littoraria// collected from St. John's Island, Singapore.

Shell Morphology
**Shell Features**
 * [[image:Yi Gain 5.jpg align="center"]] ||
 * Fig 5. Anatomy of //L. articulata// Shell. Illustrated by Tan Yi Gain ||


 * Features || Description ||
 * Protoconch || Larval shell at the apex or point of the tubular shell ||
 * Columella || Central axis of which new gastropod shell coils around in a conical fashion during growth. ||
 * Whorls || Each complete revolution or coil of the cone around the columella ||
 * Body Whorl || The largest and outer most whorl at the base of the cone housing most of the animal’s visceral mass and head-foot. ||
 * Spire || Region formed by the remaining spire whorls that rises above the body whorl ||
 * Suture || Line of contact between 2 whorls that is tightly cemented ||
 * Aperture || Opening of the shell ||
 * Outer Lip || Outer edge of the aperture ||
 * Inner Lip || Edge lying against the rest of the shell in the aperture ||
 * Operculum || Not part of the shell. Door-like disc that closes the aperture when the retracts into the shell ||


 * media type="youtube" key="EXN2fHba-Sw" height="360" width="640" ||
 * Video 2. //Littoraria// Snail Operculum Opening. Video by Tan Yi Gain ||


 * Shell Description **

Fig 6. Anti-apetural view of //L. articulata// showing spire (blue box) and sutures (red arrows) Image by Tan Yi Gain || Architecture Fig 7. Primary (blue) and secondary (red) grooves of //L. articulata//. Growth line (green) also shown. Image by Tan Yi Gain || Sculpture Fig 8. Aperture of //L. articulata// showing pillar (yellow arrow), columella excavation (red arrow) and lip (blue arrow). Image by Tan Yi Gain || Aperture Lip Columella Pillar Fig 9. Protoconch of adult L. articulata. Image by Tan Yi Gain || Protoconch
 * [[image:Yi Gain 6.jpg width="337" height="337"]]
 * Oblong-conical
 * Solid and of moderate shell thickness
 * Spire (Blue Box) relatively low
 * Rounded whorls
 * Outline slightly convex
 * Sutures (Red Arrow) impressed
 * Males tend to be smaller ||
 * [[image:Yi Gain 7.jpg width="352" height="352"]]
 * 8 to 10 primary grooves (Thick Blue lines)
 * Secondary sculpture/grooves weak or absent that normally divides primary groove in half (Thin red lines)
 * Micro-sculpture indistinct
 * Growth lines observable (Green vertical line) ||
 * [[image:Yi Gain 8.jpg width="324" height="324"]]
 * oval
 * not thickened nor flared (blue arrow)
 * wide, deeply excavated (red arrow)
 * excavation purple, dark purple, pink tinged or white
 * straight, strongly pinched at base (yellow arrow) ||
 * [[image:Yi Gain 9.jpg width="362" height="362"]]
 * Usually eroded smooth in adults ||

**Colour** All //Littoraria// species have variable shell colour that can be split into two rough categories; base colour and pigmented pattern 1]. Although the range of variation is large, the variations are not discrete (they are continuous on a spectrum) and thus are not strictly considered to be polymorphic 9]. The following tables show the variation in colour on different parts of the //L. articulata// shell. Note that only the base colour is considered polymorphic 1]. X X  The dark pigmentation occur in dashes of varying lengths. Some of the dashes are long enough to merge into a long line. The pigmentation usually occurs on the ribs (between the grooves) and typically aligned across 3 to 4 ribs to form axial stripes (in a spiral pattern) as seen in Fig 10. Sometimes the zones of alignment can be separated by a band of continuous dense lines (Fig 10a). The degree of pigmentation also vary as seen between Fig 10d and the rest of the shells in Fig 10.
 * Base Colour || Cream Yellow || Grey || White || Orange-Pink (rare) ||
 * Dark pigmented pattern colour || Black || Dark Brown ||
 * Columella excavation || Purple || Dark Purple || Pink Tinge || White ||

Fig 10a || Fig 10b || Fig 10c || Fig 10d || Fig 10. Variation in shell patterns of // L. articulata //. Images by Tan Yi Gain
 * [[image:Yi Gain 10a.jpg width="341" height="341"]]
 * [[image:Yi Gain 10c.jpg width="338" height="338"]]

In general, shell pattern and colour are so variable within species of the //Littoraria// genus that it is usually a poor guide in identification. Especially so when used to tell the difference between //L. articulata// and //L. strigata.//

The Animal Within
**Penis** According to Reid 1], the penis is considered the single most important taxonomic character of Littorinid anatomy. There is a lot of variation between //Littoraria// of the same genus 10]
 * [[image:Yi Gain 11.jpg align="center"]] ||
 * Fig 11. Illustration of internal anatomy, using a dissected female //L.strigata// as a model. Illustrated by Tan Yi Gain ||

**Pallial oviduct** The pallial oviduct in female //Littoraria// is like a processing plant to produce eggs after fertilization. It contains different sections that store received sperm, coat the eggs in jelly like capsules and storage 8]. Each section are of different lengths and of different coloration between species and can be used to distinguish snails in genus //Littoraria//.
 * [[image:Yi Gain 12.jpg width="347" height="347"]] ||
 * Fig 12. Pallial Oviduct of //L. articulata// Image by Tan Yi Gain ||

Diagnosis
**__Note: As pretty as these shells are, please do not over-collect them as they are important to their habitats.__** How to identify //L. articulata// from similar looking //Littoraria// from the same habitats? Based on 1]
 * Trait || //L. articulata// || //L. strigata// || //L. vespacea// || //L. intermedia// ||
 * Shell shape and size || ** Height 6 to 20mm
 * Spire taller than L. vespacea, shorter than L. intermedia
 * Whorls rounded || ** Height 6 to 21mm
 * Spire taller than L. vespacea, shorter than L. intermedia
 * Whorls rounded || ** Height: 10 to 25mm
 * Spire low
 * Whorls rounded || ** Height 14 to 26 mm
 * Spire high
 * Whorls gently rounded ||
 * Sculpture || ** 8 to 10 primary grooves
 * Secondary grooves sometimes present at half width, faint. || ** 8 to 10 primary grooves
 * Secondary grooves sometimes present at half width
 * Ribs sometimes rounder than L. articulata || ** 8 to 9 primary grooves
 * Secondary grooves divides primary grooves at half or quarter width || ** 8 to 10 primary grooves
 * Secondary grooves often absent ||
 * Pattern and Colour || ** Base cream yellow, sometimes white
 * Black or dark brown dashes
 * Dashes aligned to form axial (Spiral) stripes
 * Zones of alignment separated by a band of dense non-aligned dashes || ** Base cream yellow, sometimes white
 * Black or dark brown dashes
 * Dashes aligned to form axial (Spiral) stripes
 * Zones of alignment separated by a band of dense non-aligned dashes || ** Base whitish or cream
 * Short black dashes that are clear and discrete
 * Almost always entirely aligned || ** Base usually grey, cream or whitish
 * Discrete dense black or brown dashes
 * Dashes roughly aligned
 * Spire paler than rest of shell
 * Pigmentation variable (some shells entirely black) ||
 * Columella excavation and pillar || ** Wide, very deeply excavated
 * Dark Purple
 * Pillar straight
 * Strongly pinched at base || ** Moderate width, excavated
 * Dark Purple sometimes tinged pink
 * Pillar straight
 * Pinched at base || ** Very deeply excavated
 * Brown
 * Pillar straight or slightly convex sharply pinched at base || ** Wide, excavated
 * Dark purple or pink
 * Pillar slightly convex and may be pink
 * Sharply pinched at base ||
 * Penis || ** Up to 5mm
 * Small filament less than half of base
 * tapers || ** Up to 6mm
 * Narrow base
 * Long Filament
 * Tapers || ** Up to 4mm
 * Large filament tapering at tip
 * Constricted at base || ** Up to 8.2mm
 * Large filament with broad tip ||
 * Pallial oviduct || ** Length 5.7mm
 * Five and a half whorls
 * One third whorl opaque white
 * One to one and a half whorl opaque cream || ** Length 5mm
 * Four and a half whorls
 * One quarter whorl opaque white
 * Half to three quarters whorl pale pink or white || ** Length 6mm
 * Six and a half whorls
 * One third whorl opaque white
 * One and a half to two whorls translucent white || ** Length 4.1mm
 * Three and a half whorls
 * Half to three quarters whorl white opaque
 * Rest is translucent white or fawn ||

=Locality= back to top]

**Global distribution** L. articulata have a wide distribution ranging from South-East Asia, Northern Australia, Japan, South Eastern Africa as well as tropical parts of South America
 * [[image:Fig 13 L articulata map.jpg align="center"]] ||
 * Fig 13. Distribution map of Littoraria articulata based on occurrence records available through the Discover Life network, and may not represent the entire distribution. Image from [|EOL] used according to [|website policy]. (Accessed 20 Nov 2017) ||

**Local distribution** // L. articulata // can be found along the Southern and Eastern coasts of Singapore as well as on the Southern Islands.
 * [[image:L articulata capture.JPG width="800" height="419" align="center"]] ||
 * Fig 14. Screen shot of Flickr Distribution map of //Littoraria articulata// in Singapore. Available [|here] ||

**Habitats** //L. articulata// are most abundant about 0.3 to 1.2m and sometimes up to 2m when there are big tidal ranges 1]11]. They are frequently found on Avicennia mangrove trees and lower level roots of Rhizophora mangrove trees. They are also abundant on rocks above water level 1]11].

= Practical Information = back to top]

**Economic Significance** Although edible, these tiny snails are not usually collected for human consumption due to its small size The shells of //L. articulata// are sold and traded online among shell collectors however the collection of these shells are not recommended as it deprives them of their ecological roles. **Ecological Significance** Rock Periwinkle (Littorinids) in general are important to the control of algal communities along coastal areas 12] simply be grazing.
 * [[image:Fig 14 L articulata screenshot.JPG width="800" height="447"]] ||
 * Fig 15. Screen shot of online sale of //L. articulata//, [|here]. Image by Tan Yi Gain ||

**Conservation** //L. articulata// have not been evaluated by IUCN and is not listed in the Singapore Red Data Book of threatened flora and fauna in Singapore. However populations can be threatened by irresponsible collection for shells.

= Taxonomy and Systematics = back to top]

**Etymology** 'articulata' comes from the Latin root word of ‘articulatim’, which means distinct of composing of segments united by something.

**Type** Photograph of box used to house the missing holotype (Left) of //L.articulata// available from [|Naturalis Biodiversity Center] under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 || Philippi (1846) described the holotype from the Cuming collection collected from Swan Point in Western Australia which was stored at the British Museum of Natural History. Although specimens from other species are kept intact, the ones of var articulata were lost when they were mixed with the similar var strigata 1]. This was further complicated by how similar //L.articulata// and //L.strigata// is. Interestingly they kept the index card and the empty box as shown in Fig X. Using the original descriptions and figures published by Philippi, a neotype collected at Lookout Hill, 200km South of Swan Point. The neotype is stored in the British Museum of Natural History under the code BMNH 198348.
 * [[image:Fig 15 Littoraria articualta.jpeg width="800" height="532"]] ||
 * Fig 16. RMNH.MOL.157938 - //Littoraria articulata// (Philippi, 1846)

**Original description** Philippi originally described //Littoraria intermedia var articulata// based on the specimen of the Cuming collection in the British Museum of Natural History. A rough translation from Latin to English yields the following: Littorina intermedia: oblong shell-conical base ventricose, thin, multicolored lines printed on the penultimate point, about 8, smooth; with the bends convex, rounded at the last, not with a carina; Aperture ovate; Columella white or purple. Var. puctata - shell lutescente, or reddish, dark brown with irregular, interrupted punctuated by cross lines Var. articuata - shell with intervals of regular white and brown furrows articulated Var. strigata - yellow at the bottom of broad irregular black decoration
 * [[image:Fig 16 Original description Littoraria articulata.png]] ||
 * Fig 17. Original description of //Littoraria intermedia var articulata// by Philippi in 1846 13] ||

**Systematics** **Phylogeny** The most recent phylogeny study that covers //L. articulata// involves 147 species from the subfamily Littorininae 14]. The following figure is part of the BEAST (Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Tree) chronogram estimates the ages of the different genus in subfamily Littorininae that shows only genus //Littoraria.// Nucleotide sequences can be obtained [|here]. Surprisingly, as of Fig 18. despite the fact that //L. articulata// and //L. strigata// are morphologically almost indistinguishable, //L. articulata// is actually more closely related to //L. conica// than //L. strigata.// **Taxonomic Status** Is //L. articulata// an independent species from //L. strigata//? Reid considers them different species 1] whereas others 4] simply agree just because of Reid 1]. Using the Phylogenetic Species Concept sensu Wheeler and Platnick which uses the Population Aggregation analysis of comparing attributes, the population of //L. articulata// and //L. strigata// in South East Asia, which have some overlapping morphological traits 1] would probably be not considered independent species. This would be made worse if the analysis is based solely on shell morphology based on dry specimens kept in museums as the overlapping of shell sculpture, size, coloration and shape between //L. articulata// and //L. strigata// is common among South East Asian specimens1]. However distinct shell morphology attributes occur between populations (such as comparing between the two in Australia) and under this Phylogenetic Species Concept sensu Wheeler and Platnick, they would be distinct species.
 * Kingdom || Animalia ||
 * Phylum || Mollusca ||
 * Class || Gastropoda ||
 * Subclass || Caenogastropoa ||
 * Order || Littorinimorpha ||
 * Superfamily || Littorinoidea(Children, 1834) ||
 * Family || Littorinidae(Children, 1834) ||
 * Subfamily || Littorininae (Children, 1834) ||
 * Genus || //Littoraria// (Gray, 1833) ||
 * Subgenus || Palustorina ||
 * Species || //articulata// (Philippi, 1846) ||
 * [[image:Fig 17 BEAST L articulata.jpg width="800" height="620"]] ||
 * Fig 18. BEAST chronogram of //Littoraria// based on combined analysis of 28S rRNA, 12S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) From 14] under Fair Use ||

Due to the high variability of shell morphology in terms of colours and sculpture, the //L. articulata// and //L. strigata// in Singapore and South East Asia may be variants of one population of one single species.

**Synonymy** //Littorina intermedia// var. //articulata (//Philippi, 1846) //Littorina// (Melaraphe) s//cabra// var //intermedia// (Tryon 1887) //Littorina// (Melaraphe) //intermedia// (Casto de Elera, 1896) //Littorina// (Littorinopsis) //intermedia// (von Martens, 1897) //Melarhaphe intermedia// (Yen, 1942) //Melaraphe blanfordi// (Dunker, 1871) //Melaraphe scabra// (Hedly, 1916)

= References and More! = **Literature** [1] Reid, D.G. (1986) The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region: The genus Littoraria. British Museum of Natural History ISBN 0-565-00978-5 [2] Tan, R. (2016) Rock periwinkle snail. Accessed November 13, 2017. Retrieved from: [] [3] Tan KS & Chou LM (2000) A Guide to Common Seashells of Singapore. Published by Singapore Science Centre ISBN981-04-3073-6 [4] Sanpanich K, Wells FE, Chitramvong Y. (2008) Reproduction and Growth of Littoraria (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) At Ang Sila, Thailand. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2008 Supplement No 18:225-233 [5] Johannesson K, Saltin SH, Duranovic I, Havenhand JN, Jonsson PR (2010) Indiscriminate Males: Mating Behaviour of a Marine Snail Compromised by a Sexual Conflict? PLoS ONE 5(8): e12005. [6] Mak YM (1995) Egg Capsule morphology of five Hong Kong rocky shore littorinids. Hydrobiologia 309:53-59 [7] Rochette R & Dill LM (2000) Mortality, behaviour and the effects of predators on the intertidal distribution of littorinid gastropods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 253 (2000) 165-191 [8] Fretter V. & Graham A (1994) British Prosobranch Molluscs. Their Functional Anatomy and Ecology ISBN 0903874237 [9] Ford E.B. (1945) Polymorphism. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 20:73-88 [10] Rosewater J (1970) The Family Littorinidae in the Indo Pacific. Part I. The subfamily Littorininae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 2:417-506 [11] Reid, D.G. (1985) Habitat and zonation patterns of Littoraria species (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in Indo-Pacific mangrove forests. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1985), 26: 39-68 [12] Miller LP & Denny MW (2011) Importance of behaviour and morphological traits for controlling body temperature in littorinid snails. Biology Bulletin 220(3):209-23 [13] Philippi, R.A. 1846. Descriptions of a new species of Trochus, and of eighteen new species of Littorina, in the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1845:138-143 [14] Reid D.G., Dyal P., Williams S.T. (2012) A global molecular phylogeny of 147 periwinkle species (Gastropoda, Littorininae). Zoologica Scripta, 41, 125-136

**Images** Fig 1. Shell of Littoraria articulata from St John’s Island, Singapore. Image by Tan Yi Gain. Fig 2. L. articulata in its "natural" habitat. Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 3. Littoraria are small in size. Note this image contains several Littoraria species including L. articulata and L. strigata. Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 4. Egg capsule and larvae of L. articulata. Illustrated by Tan Yi Gain Fig 5. Anatomy of L. articulata Shell. Illustrated by Tan Yi Gain Fig 6. Anti-apetural view of L. articulata showing spire (blue box) and sutures (red arrows) Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 7. Primary (blue) and secondary (red) grooves of L. articulata. Growth line (green) also shown. Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 8. Aperture of L. articulata showing pillar (yellow arrow), columella excavation (red arrow) and lip (blue arrow). Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 9. Protoconch of adult L. articulata. Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 10. Variation in shell patterns of L. articulata. Images by Tan Yi Gain Fig 11. Illustration of internal anatomy, using a dissected female L.strigata as a model. Illustrated by Tan Yi Gain Fig 12. Pallial Oviduct of L. articulata Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 13. Distribution map of Littoraria articulata based on occurrence records available through the Discover Life network, and may not represent the entire distribution. Image from [|EOL] used according to [|website policy]. (Accessed 20 Nov 2017) Fig 14. Screen shot of Flickr Distribution map of Littoraria articulata in Singapore. Available [|here] Fig 15. Screen shot of online sale of L. articulata, [|here]. Image by Tan Yi Gain Fig 16. RMNH.MOL.157938 - Littoraria articulata (Philippi, 1846) Photograph of box used to house the missing holotype (Left) of L.articulata available from [|Naturalis Biodiversity Center] under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Fig 17. Original description of Littoraria intermedia var articulata by Philippi in 1846 [13] Fig 18. BEAST chronogram of Littoraria based on combined analysis of 28S rRNA, 12S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) From [14] under Fair Use

**Videos** Video 1. [|Littoraria Snail Feeding Behaviour] Video 2. [|Littoraria Snail Operculum Opening]

**Acknowledgment** This species page would not have been possible without Dr Tan Koh Siang and the staff at TMSI for offering facilities and advice.