3+Spot+Gourami+(Trichopodus+Trichopterus)

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 * Three-spot gourami**  //Trichopodus trichopterus//

**Introduction** Being a member of the family Osphronemidae, the three-spot gourami(//T. trichopterus//) is a labyrinth fish that is capable of breathing air. It is a popular fish in the ornamental trade which have led to its establishment outside its native range. Though popular, information of //T. trichopterus// is rather scattered and this page aims to provide consolidated information on the biology & taxonomy of //T. trichopterus//.

= Taxonomy =

__Name__
**Original name in first description :**  Labrus trichopterus Pallas 1770  ** Scientific synonym ** ** (scientific names used to refer to //T. trichopterus// in the past) **  (Synonym) (Author) (ICZN Validity)  * Tichogaster trichopterus (S) Bloch & Schneider, 1801, no.  (S) - Senior Synonym ; (J) - Junior synonym; (O) - Others
 *  ** ICZN accepted name : ** Trichopodus trichopterus Pallas,1770
 * Osphromenus insulatus (J) Seale,1910, no.
 * Osphromenus siamensis (J) Günther, 1861, no.
 * Osphromenus trichopterus(J) Duncker, 1904, no.
 * Trichopus trichopterus(O) Cuvier & Valenciennes,1831,no.
 * Trichopus sepat(S) Bleeker,1845, no.

(click for taxonomic history)

|| **Common name:** **(Names commonly used to refer to //T.trichopterus//)**
 * Three-spot gourami
 * Two-spot gourami
 * Blue gourami
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">Pla kadi or pla kadi mor in north thailand
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">Pla salark or pla salaring
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">Trey Kawmphleanh samrai in Cambodia
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">Sepat Padi in Malaysia
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">Sepat ronggeng in Malaysia

**Paper containing the first description of //T.trichopterus//:** [|Pallas, P. S. 1770.][|Spicilegia zoologica quibus novae imprimis] [|et obscurae animalium] [|species iconibus, descriptionibus atque] [|commentariis illustrantur.][|Fasciculus octavus. pp. 45-46, pl. I-V]

__** Type information: **__ **(Place where the original specimen used to describe this species is kept)** There is no information available on the type information and locality. ||

__ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Etymology ** __
The genus name, //Trichopodus//, is composed of the Greek words ή θρίξ (thrix) which means hair and ό πούς (pous) which means foot (Schindler,2009) while //Trichopterus// means hair-fin in greek, referring to the shape of the ventral fins (Ritcher,1988).
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 27px;">__(why is this fish named //Trichopodus trichopterus//?)__ **

__ Diagnosis __
**__ Trichopodus or Trichogaster? __** Members of genus Trichopodus & Trichogaster can be easily distinguished by the ventral fin that are reduced to to a rudiment prolonged as a long filamentous ray. However, members of genus //Trichopodus// have a shorter dorsal fin base and are larger as compared to the members of genus //Trichogaster// (Pinter,1986).
 * __(How to recognize a three-spot gourami?)__ **

__**Three diagnostic features of //T.trichopterus//**__ //T. trichopterus// can be recognize by a long anal fin that is often marked with yellow-orange spots and also by a body with numerous narrow irregular oblique bars that are quite distinctive if present. The most distinctive characteristics of T. trichopterus are the two conspicuous lateral spots located at the caudal base (Tail) and central portion of the fish. Together with the eyes that resembles a third black spot, it is given the name three-spot gourami. ||

||

= __Ecology__ =

__ Biology __

 * === Habitat ===
 * //T. Trichopterus// has a wide ecological distribution. It can withstand a large range of media ranging from ordinary freshwater, peaty and black waters, polluted waters to brackish waters.
 * It is most commonly found in swamplands, rice fields,ditches ,pools and ponds that have:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">stagnant or semi-stagnant waters
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">shallow waters with depth less than 2m
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">bottoms with thick layer of soft mud,detritus or organic material
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">high turbidity of water
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">shade usually sparse or lacking
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">with a good marginal growth of emergent and floating plants
 * //T. trichopterus// is often absent from torrent streams, fast flowing streams and rivers due to the disadvantages conferred upon the fish by its laterally compressed body.
 * Temperature of habitat ranges from 26 degrees Celsius to 34 degrees Celsius.
 * Dissolved oxygen in the habitat can be low as //T. Trichopterus is tolerant of// low-oxygen environment due to its air breathing capabilities.
 * Optimum pH of habitat ranges from 7.0 - 8.0 but //T. trichopterus// is capable of tolerating a wide range of pH from 3.7 - 9.5.
 * ===<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px;">**Diet** ===
 * //T. trichopterus// is normally a bottom feeder. They change from carnivorous feeding of zooplankton, crustaceans and insect larvae in the fry stage to algal and detritophagic feeding in the adult.


 * * === Reproduction ===

>> >> >> . >> >> >> >>
 * //T. trichopterus// reaches sexual maturity at a length of 7cm, usually between 12 - 14 weeks of age.
 * //T. trichopterus// reproduces via external fertilisation.
 * They are bubble nesters and the male usually builds bubble nests at the surface of the water ,consisting of mucous membranes, in floating plant matter.
 * The bubble nest may rise up more than 3 cm above the water and are up to 25 cm long.
 * The male guards the egg until they hatch.
 * 300 - 4000 eggs can be produced per spawning (Ritcher,1988).
 * Spawning occurs in the temperature range of 23 degrees Celsius to 29 degrees Celsius.(Degani,1989).
 * When pairing, the male swims up and down, stroking his partner's belly in the process, before taking the female into his bodily embrace. This action is described by Miller (1964) as rubbing.

|| ==== media type="youtube" key="6uJHKH0cJmc" height="371" width="501" ==== Breeding three-spot gourami ||

>> >> >> //T.trichopterus// performing gaseous exchange on the surface of the water Photo: Lee Ding Lun Supplementary respiratory organ of the Three-spot gourami (circled in red) Photo : Lee Ding Lun
 * * === **Breathing** ===
 * //T. trichopterus// belongs to a group of perch-like fishes known as labyrinth fishes. Labyrinth fishes are fishes that have a supplementary respiratory organ.
 * Unlike most fishes, which use the gills for gaseous exchange in the water, //T. trichopterus// can obtain an additonal supply of oxygen from the atmosphere by using its "labyrinth" organ.
 * To do this, //T. trichopterus// must periodically swim to the water surface to exchange gases.
 * However, the gills of //t. trichopterus// have degenerated to the extent that they alone cannot support the oxygen demands of the fish and have to work in synchrony with the "labyrinth" organ to meet the oxygen demands of the fish. || [[image:taxo4254/DSC_3261.JPG width="504" height="333" align="center"]]

|| **Extracted from** Ritcher (1988), Tan(1969), Rainboth(1996), Degani(1989),Horst Linke(1992).

__Distribution__

 * // T.trichopterus // can be found naturally <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">in Southeast Asia: Singapore, Bali, Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra & in the Mekong basin in Yunnan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia ,Myanmar(Burma) and Vietnam.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In Singapore, it has been observed at Sungei Ayer Tawar (1958), Sungei Seletar, Nee Soon Rifle Range (1958), Serangoon (1898,1964), Jervoise Road (1912), Woodleigh (1934), Sungei Tengeh (1963),Sungei Kangkar (1963), Sungei Kallang, outlet from Peirce Reservoir (1964), Sungei Seletar, outlet from Seletar Reservoir (1964), Somerset Road, R. Hanitsch(1912).( Alfred E. R.,1966), Kalllang river (Tan et. al, 2010), Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve & Seletar Wet-gap (2011, Observed by Low Bi Wei).

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Being a popular and intensively marketed tropical aquarium fish species, // T. trichopterus // has been introduced by accident or intentionally released into the freshwater habitats of many countries.There have been evidence of established populations in western Ghat in India (Molur, 2008),Philippines(Juliano et al. 1989), Taiwan(Shen 1993), Papua New Guinea(Allen,1991), Southern Africa (FAO, 1997), South America(Welcomme, 1988), the Dominican Republic (Lever,1996) and Queensland, Austrailia (Ringwood,2009). There were also sightings in Florida (Fuller et al. 1999) and Canada (Crossman 1984), but without evidence of establishment. || media type="custom" key="11182034" width="486" height="428" ||

__ Sub-species of //T. trichopterus// __
//T. tricopterus trichopterus//(wild) Photo: Lee Ding Lun || media type="youtube" key="R74GL-A_0HQ" height="314" width="420" Blue gourami( //T. trichopterus sumatranus// Ladiges, 1933) || Silver gourami (Mutation of // T. trichopterus sumatranus //)(Aquarium Breed) Photo: [] || media type="youtube" key="rIult6gA378" height="251" width="448" Cosby gourami (Mutation of // T. trichopterus sumatranus //)(Aquarium Breed) || Gold gourami (Mutation of // T. trichopterus sumatranus //)(Aquarium Breed) ||
 * [[image:TT11.jpg width="470" height="303"]]
 * [[image:http://0.tqn.com/d/freshaquarium/1/0/N/5/bluegourami02.jpg width="472" height="256"]]
 * *As no paper or article has been found to support the validity of // T. trichopterus sumatranus // as a sub species at the moment, due caution should be taken when using the name.* || media type="youtube" key="kQcYuRZxXvw" height="315" width="420"

__Environmental Impacts__
Despite the existence of multiple established populations across the world, the ecological impacts of this species have not been adequately explored and evaluated.However, It has been suggested that // T. trichopterus // is capable of competing with the native fish population for food and space as they are able to dominate areas, which the natives are not able to, due to their high fecundity, their ability to breathe air and their tolerance to varying pH levels , temperature and salinity.

In Queensland, Australia,// T. trichopterus // can only be kept in aquariums, but cannot be released. They cannot be used as bait, live or dead. If they are caught in the wild they must not be returned to the water. Penalties up to $200,000 apply(Ringwood,2009).

In Kerala, India, // T. trichopterus // is considered an invasive species and is thought to be potentially harmful to native ornamental fishes there. (Krishnakumar et al., 2009)

In 2009, Geheber et al.(2010) collected //T. trichopterus// from a small pond near the northern coast of Jamaica in June. The collection represents the first documentation of this species in Jamaica.

__Human uses__

 * Food fish in parts of Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia.
 * Aquarium fish trade

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">__**Conservation Status**__
**IUCN Red list status:** Not evaluated ** The Singapore Red Data Book **: No Record

Although the abundance //of T. trichopterus// has not been evaluated, Alfred (1996) mentioned that //T. trichopterus// is common and widely distributed in Singapore.

__ **Threats faced by T. trichopterus** __
Although there are no know threats to // T.trichopterus // globally or locally in Singapore, native populations of // T.trichopterus // in Singapore are facing a reduction in range due to rapid loss of habitats & habitat degradation over the years.

=__ **Taxonomic Details** __=

__**Description**__
__(__ **Morphological features of //T. trichopterus// that can be used for identification purpose)**

>> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > **Extracted from Tan & Ng(2005), Inger & Chin(2002), Kottelat(2001) & Rainboth(1996)** Male T. trichopterus. (Diagnostic dorsal fin circled in red; click to enlarge) || Photo:Lee Ding Lun
 * * **Colour :**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Body can range from brown to greyish in T. Trichopterus Trichopterus (wild) to blue or marbled blue or silver or golden in T. trichopterus sumatranus(aquarium breed). Darker at the dorsal and almost white at ventral.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Head with dark grey dorsal and silverish opercle scales with 2-3 blackish bars
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Eyes bright red or orange when life
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Median fins and pectorals are brown
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Dorsal and caudal fins are dark grey with roundish white spots
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Dorsal fin distal margin yellowish
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Anal fins with anterior parts whitish and the rest dark grey
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Distal margin of posterior anal fin orange with a few rounded yellowish spots
 * **Length:** up to 150mm
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dorsal spines (total)**: 6 - 8
 * **Dorsal soft rays (total):** 7-10
 * **Anal spines:** 9 - 12
 * A**nal soft rays:** 30 - 38
 * **Dorsal fin branched rays**: 8-9
 * **Branched anal-fin rays:** 33-38
 * **Dorsal fin base length**: Shorter than anal fin base
 * **Pelvic fin length:** Exceeds anal fin base length
 * **Mouth:** Very small, very oblique, upper jaw vertical and somewhat protractile, lower jaw prominent.
 * ** Scales: **moderate size, irregularly arranged; 40 - 52 scale in lateral series.
 * **Lateral line:** Curved or irregular, interrupted or continuous, reaching caudal fin.
 * **Caudal fin**: Slightly emarginate or truncate.
 * **Pectoral fin:**Hyaline
 * **Body patterns:** One black spot each at just after posterior edge of pectoral fin on median of body and at the middle of caudal-fin base; body with up to 20 narrow irregular oblique bars(anterior bars & posterior 4-5 bars interrupted).
 * **Sexing:** Females has plumer belly and have a shorter and rounder dorsal fin while male are slimmer with larger and pointed flowing dorsal fins often capable of reaching the caudal fin when relaxed (See below for illustration).
 * **Juvenile:** Similar to adult.

Photo: Lee Ding Lun

Alcohol preserved specimen, Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Photo:Lee Ding Lun

Female T. trichopterus (Diagnostic dorsal fin circled in red; click to enlarge) ||

__Taxonavigation and history__
**Kingdom:** Animalia Linnaeus, 1758
 * **__Taxonavigation__**
 * (Currently accepted relative postion of T.trichopterus in higher order taxon) **

**Phyllum:** Chordata Bateson,1885

**Class:** Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish) Klein,1885

**Order:** Perciformes (Perch-like)

**Family:** Osphronemidae Bleeker,1859

**Genus:** Trichopodus Lacepede,1801 || **__Taxonomic History__**
 * __(Changes in the genera of //trichopterus//)__ **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The genus //Trichopodus// was formed by Lacepede (1801) for the two species-group taxa //T. mentum// and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">//Labrus// //trichopterus// Pallas (1770) but no type species was determined then. In 1831, Cuvier included <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">//Labrus// //trichopterus// Pallas, 1770 as the single species for //Trichopodus//.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1917, unknowing of the earlier description by Bleekers(1879)<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Jordan assigned //Trichopodus mentum// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">//L////acepede// as the type species for //Trichopodus// and //Trichogaster fasciatus// Bloch & Schneider(1801) as the type species for //Trichogaster.// Until 1923, the four small gouramis were classified as //Trichogaster// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">while the larger gourami as //Trichopodus//. In 1923, Myers contested the assignment by Jordan and interpreted Cuvier's boundary of //Trichopodus// (thus also for T//richogaster// incorrectly).

Since MYERS (1923) assumed that //Trichogaster// Bloch & Schneidler is the senior synonym of //Trichopodus Lacepede//, he synonymnised both as //Trichogaster// and a new genus //Colisa// was erected for the four small gourami

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In 1997, Derijist pointed out the earlier description by Bleekers (1879) and in 2004 Britz made //Colisa// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">obsolete ,returned the 8 species to their previous genera and revived genus //Trichopodus// at the same <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">time. However, the proposed changes were not used in subsequent literature. In 2008 ,Töperfer and Schindler identified the change but it was only in 2009 when Töperfer and Schindler published a paper reaffirming //Trichopodus// as a valid genera with the type species as // Trichopodus trichopterus. //

**Extracted from** Töperfer & Schindler (2009) ||

__**Phylogenetic position**__
**(Relative phylogenetic position of T. trichopterus among related fishes)**

Based on the phylogenetic tree, we can see that members of genus //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Trichopodus //, previously known as//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Trichogaster //, forms a monophylectic group and is a sister taxa of genus //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Trichogaster //, previously known as //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Colisa //.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The closest relative to // T. trichoptersus // is // T. pectoralis // (Snake-skin gourami). || __ Abstracted from ____ Rüber ____ et al.,2005 (Click for more information) ____ Phylogenetic analysis done based on a Bayesian phylogenetic approach on mtDNA60. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (Permission granted - License Number: 2783980703832 ) __ ||

Alfred E. R.,1996.The fresh-water fishes of Singapore. //ZOOLOGISCHE VERHANDELINGEN// **78**:52.
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Britz, R. 2004. Why Colisa has become Trichogaster and Trichogaster is now Trichopodus.//AAGB// //Labyrinth// **136:** 8–9

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