Oecophylla+smaragdina

** Asian Weaver Ant, //Oecophylla smaragdina// (Fabricius, 1775) **  toc

"Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) with larvae" by Ria Tan. WildSingapore, 10 Sep 2003. URL: [] (accessed on 3 Nov 2011). = = = Overview = //Oecophylla smaragdina// is widespread in the Old World tropics and are present the most sophisticated nest-building activities of all weaver ants.The weaver ant (//O. smaragdina//) is a dominant canopy ant in tropical India and Australasia with colonies of up to 500 000 ants housed in nests made of leaves fastened together by larval silk and scattered across tens of trees. Workers draw leaves together, often forming long chains, and glue them together with larval silk. The colonies are very large and highly [|polydomous]. Queens are pre-dominantly though not exclusively once-mated and colonies are usually single-queened, but most Northern Territory (Australia) colonies are [|polygynous]. The workers are highly [|polymorphic](seen also in a fossilized colony), show complex [|polyethism], and present a much-studied rich pheromonal repertoire for the colony's tasks. Colony odor is partly learned, showing a "nasty neighbor" effect in reactions to other colonies of this highly territorial ant, and partly intrinsic to each individual. The odor varies over time and differs between the nests of a colony. Not surprisingly, Oecophylla ants are hosts to a variety of [|inquilines], such as spiders, which mimic the colony odor to escape detection. In addition, a constellation of Homoptera benefit from ant protection, yet the activities of the ants in controlling pest species make these ants beneficial insects (they are also human food in some areas) (adapted from [|Crozier et al., 2010]). Left video, 1st prize winner of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) 2010 science photo competition: [|Link]; Right video: [|National Geographic Video] media type="youtube" key="hd5upt3IrWM?version=3" height="283" width="504"media type="youtube" key="OLO0jV__3Zw?version=3" height="283" width="504"  Left: "Cambridge Ideas-Sticky Feet" by Cambridge University. CambridgeUniversity Youtube Channel, 15 Feb 2010. URL: [] (accessed on 26 Oct 2011). Right: "Weaver Ants... on the Menu" by National Geographic. NationalGeographic Youtube Channel, 27 Apr 2011. URL: [] (accessed on 28 Oct 2011).


 * < =Biomimicry Applications =

**Larval Silk**
Usually, the organism that stands to benefit from using the silk is also the producer of the silk, but an interesting exception is provided by adult weaver ants that use larval silk as a structural component of their nests ([|Dorow //et al//. 1990]). Widespread attempts to copy the molecular order in, and mechanical properties of, natural silk fibre have been prompted by the observation of how this material is deployed in nature and from measurements of the average strength and stiffness in standard (short-duration) tensile tests ([|Reed et al., 2009]).

**Feet Adhesive Pads**
Insect adhesion is mediated by thin fluid films secreted into the contact zone. As the amount of fluid affects adhesive forces, a control of secretion appears probable. //Oecophylla smaragdina// ants were found to use only 14 per cent of their available contact area when walking upside down. This control of adhesive contact area may not only be important for reducing wear of adhesive pads and facilitating detachment, but also for limiting fluid loss ([|Dirks and Federle, 2011]). ||< = Human Diet and Use =

**Food and Medicine**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Throughout South-East Asia, weaver ants are a significant commercial product. In Java the larvae and pupae of weaver ants are harvested and sold as food for song birds or as fishing bait ([|Césard, 2004]). Small larvae (either of workers or early instar queens) are preferred as bird food. In the markets, 1 kg of larvae sells for between US$3.5 and US$5.00 ([|Césard,][|2004]). In Thailand, large queen larvae and pupae are harvested as a food product for human consumption ([|Sribandit et al., 2008]). This not only provides food for the family, but also as much as 30% of the total family income for collectors ([|Sribandit et al., 2008]). In parts of India the workers themselves are consumed, and even used in the making of chutney (Oudhia, 2002). Extracts from the ants are used by Indian traditional healers to treat a range of common maladies (Oudhia, 2002).

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Biological Control Agent**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">The weaver ants are distinguished by their close control of their environment. Indeed. man has employed weaver ants to control the arboreal environment for him. Records from the Canton area of China show that weaver ant nests were gathered, sold and placed in selected citrus trees to combat insect pests in about A.D. 300. The same technique was noted in the 12th century and was still practiced in southern China well into the 20th century. This utilization of weaver ants is the oldest-known instance of the biological control of insects in the history of agriculture ([|Hölldober and Wilson, 1977]). ==== <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**Pest** ==== <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Although generally regarded as beneficial within the agricultural industry, //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">O. smaragdina // can also sometimes be regarded as a pest, being an opportunistic and aggressive feeder. Presence of <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Oecophylla // nests on the trees statistically significantly lowered the flower-visiting rate of flying insects, involving the major pollinators. The visiting rate of //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Oecophylla // workers to each flower shoot of rambutan significantly negatively correlated with the visiting rate of flying insects (<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">[|Tsuji et al., 2004] ). Even when the benefits of weaver ants to the quality of mango fruit are acknowledged, the ants are still often regarded as a nuisance pest during harvesting (<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">[|Sinzogan et al., 2008] ). The use of weaver ants as a biological control agent on coffee plantations in Sri Lanka has reportedly been abandoned for just this reason (<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">[|Césard, 2004] ). ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">  <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: justify;">"Oecophylla smaragdina, Specimen: CASENT0173648. //Closeup of profile// [T]//, dorsal// [B] //of specimen CASENT0173648//" by April Nobile. AntWeb, 12 Nov. 2007. URL: [|http://www.antweb.org/description.do?rank = species & name = & genus = Oecophylla smaragdina & project =] (accessed 15 Oct 2011). =<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Name =

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Scientific: //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Oecophylla smaragdina //(Fabricius, 1775)** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Vernacular: [|Weaver Ant][|, Green Ant, Green Tree A][| nt, Orange Gaster], Kerengga Original description published under //Formica smaragdina// Fabricius, 1775. //Systema Entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis,// //descriptionibus, and observationibus//: 828 (q.)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Etymology**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 23px;">How the name is derived

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Genus -** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">from the Latin word **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">oeco **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (household) and Greek word **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">φύλλο, phyllo **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (leaf). <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">B. Didier. OZAnimals. URL//:// <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">[]  <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">(accessed on 17 Oct 2011). || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">"//Oecophylla smaragdina// on //Dillenia suffruticosa//, Kent Ridge Road" by Reuben Lim <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">(Taken on 11 Sep 2010). ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Specific epithet **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> - is derived from the Latin word **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">smaragdinus ( **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">emerald-green) denoting the **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">green color of the gaster **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (ants in Singapore have red gasters).
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">[[image:Green-Tree-Ant.jpg]] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">"Green Tree Ant ( //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Oecophylla smaragdina //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">) - //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Near Cape Tribulation - Queensland //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">" by

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Occurrence in Singapore = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Asian Weaver Ant is widespread in disturbed areas and urban plantings, as they are able to construct their nests on many plants from trees, shrubs to tall grasses, and can control a vast area effectively. They occur in many parks as well, and can be a pest to humans that approach too close to their nests as they bite aggressively. Although not eaten in Singapore, many regional countries consider the weaver ant as part of their cuisine.

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Biology =

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Behaviour**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//O. smaragdina// does not sting but produces painful bites with its sharp and powerful mandibles, intensified by irritating secretions from the mandibular glands. It also releases formic acid from the gaster which can cause irritation to human skin (Chung, 1995). They maintain exclusive territories and monopolize large aggregations of different [|trophobionts].They kill a large range of arthropods for food, exhibiting highly organized aggressive predatory behavior combined with extensive foraging throughout the area occupied by a colony. More aggression is showed towards neighbours than strangers, exhibiting the "nasty neighbour effect".

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**Queen Mating Patterns**
<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Colonies in the Northern Territory, Australia, are the most variable due to polygyny and polyandry. Colonies in Queensland, Australia, are mostly monogynous, although often polyandrous and thus overall less variable. The population in Java, Indonesia, shows the least variation in colony genetic structure, because most colonies are both monogynous and monandrous ([|Schlüns et al., 2009]). No information is available for mating patterns in Singapore at this moment as research has not been performed.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> **Division of Labour, Lifespan**
<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">The major (large) workers perform the risky tasks outside the nest, while the minor (small) workers stay within the highly protected arboreal nest. Hence, this pronounced division of labour is associated with high differences in extrinsic mortality risks. Minor workers have a longer lifespan than major workers, despite their smaller size and presumably higher metabolic rate per unit of mass ([|Chapuisat and Keller, 2002]).
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">[[image:Weaver_ant.jpg width="560" height="378"]] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">"Multiple //Oecophylla smaragdina// nests circled on //Xanthostemon chrysanthus//, Central Library, NUS." by Reuben Lim (Taken on 16 Oct 2010).  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">[[image:IMG_3480.jpg width="492" height="314"]]  <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">"Closeup of nest on //Arthrophyllum diversifolium//" by Reuben Lim (Taken on 5 Dec 2010). ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> **Nest Building**
<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Weaver ants are named for their method of [|nest construction]. The nests are made of leaves folded or fastened together to form tight, tent-like compartments. The leaves are held in place by seams of silk spun by the larvae, which the major workers employ like shuttles for weaving the nests. This nest building is one of the most remarkable instances of social cooperation among lower animals. Once the weaver ants have chosen a tree branch suitable for a nest they spread out on the leaves of the branch and begin to pull on the tips and edges. When an ant succeeds in turning up a segment of a leaf, nearby workers are attracted to that part of the leaf. and soon there is a small group of ants pulling in unison. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">When a leaf is broader than the length of an ant's body. or when two leaves must be pulled together across a wide space. the workers form living bridges between the points to be joined. Then some of the ants in the chain climb onto the backs of their neighbors and pull backward, thus shortening the chain and bringing the leaf edges together. When the leaves have been maneuvered into shape, some of the ants remain on them, employing their legs and mandibles to hold the leaves in place. Other ants go back to already established nests and return to the new site carrying partly grown larvae. The workers wave the larvae back and forth across the leaf seams. This causes the larvae to release threads of silk from gland openings located just below their mouth. Thousands of these threads woven into sheets are strong enough to hold the leaves in place. Sheets of silk are also spun to make circular entrances and outer galleries leading to the interior of the new nest ([|Hölldober and Wilson, 1977]).
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SSL11903p.jpg/762px-SSL11903p.jpg width="454" height="359"]]

<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">"Nest construction by //Oecophylla smaragdina// workers, Thailand" by S. Hoyland. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">Wikimedia Commons. URL//:// <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">(accessed on 2 Jan 2012). || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px;">"Scavenging" by Reuben Lim (Taken on 7 Dec 2010). ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**Recruitment Strategy**
<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">In a colony in which odour cues are shared among workers, each worker may be described in terms of both an innate odour and an expressed odour. The innate odour is that which the individual would express if kept in isolation from the colony, and which presumably has a genetic basis. The expressed odour is the odour that results from the mixing of cues among workers via [|trophollaxis]and [|allo-grooming] and, depending upon the efficiency with which odour is shared, will be similar for all workers. This odour may also be influenced by environmental factors such as diet and nest substrate. In colonies with low genetic diversity, it maybe possible for a zone of tolerance to encompass the few odour phenotypes that exist within the colony, without greatly increasing the probability of mistaking a non-nestmate for a nestmate (Type II error). The sharing of recognition cues among workers again reduces the number of phenotypes within the colony, potentially to a single phenotype. This is an explanation for why the level of aggression expressed by a colony decreases as the diversity within the colony increases, even when odour is well-mixed ([|Newey, 2011]). <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">From: [|Hölldober and Wilson, 1977]

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**Associations with other animals** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">One of the most closely studied relationships is with the predatory spider, //[|Cosmophasis bitaeniata]//, which is both a visual and a chemical mimic of the ant. This salticid spider feeds on the ant larvae and appears to be quite comfortable inside ant nests, although it tends to avoid direct contact with major workers ([|Allan and Elgar, 2001]). The larvae of many lycaenid butterflies secrete ant-appeasement substances or attractants, as well as sugary food solutions, from epidermal glands. These enable them to live within the protection of ant nests. Weaver ants also derive food from a range of other insect species that excrete solutions rich in sugars, amino acids and other nutrients ([|Crozier et al., 2010]).
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">[[image:IMG_4601.JPG]] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">"//O. smaragdina// with Lycaenid caterpillar" by Reuben Lim (Taken on 17 Dec 2010). || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">[[image:IMG_3055.JPG]]  <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">(//O. smaragdina// with scale insects, 29 Oct 2010.) ||

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Distribution = <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">(Azuma et al. 2006 "Maps of Europe, Africa, and Asia (a) and Southeast Asia (b) showing collection sites. Numbers correspond to locality codes given in Table <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|1]. The current distribution areas of Oecophylla longinoda (Africa) and O. smaragdina (Asia and Oceania) are enclosed by a solid line in (a)" Map. Jan 2005. URL:  <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[](accessed on 26 Oct 2011).

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Taxonavigation = <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**Ordo:** Hymenoptera **Familia:** Formicidae **Genus:** Oecophylla <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**From**: [|Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)]
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Taxonomic Hierarchy ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Kingdom || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Animalia] __ - Animal, animals, animals  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Phylum || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Arthropoda] __ - arthropods, arthropods, Artrópode  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subphylum || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Hexapoda] __ - hexapod  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Class || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Insecta] __ - Hexapoda, insects, insects, inseto  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subclass || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Pterygota] __ - winged insects, winged insects  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Infraclass || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Neoptera] __ - modern, wing-folding insects  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Order || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Hymenoptera] __ - Abelha, ants, bees, formiga, vespa, wasps  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Suborder || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Apocritical] __ - bees, ants, bees, ants, wasps true, narrow-waisted hymenopterans, true wasps  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Infraorder || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Aculeata] __  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Superfamily || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Vespoidea] __ - vespoid wasps  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Family || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Formicidae] __ - ants, ants  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subfamily || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Formicinae] __  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Tribe || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Oecophyllini] __  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Genus || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">__ [|Oecophylla] __ Smith, 1860  ||   ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Species || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775)  ||   ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px;">**Synonyms**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Other names that have been given <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**From**: [|Hymenoptera Online Database]
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Taxon || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Status  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Relationship Type  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla viridis] (Kirby)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Formica macra] Guérin-Méneville  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Original name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Formica virescens] Fabricius  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Original name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Formica viridis] Kirby  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Original name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Formica zonata] Guérin-Méneville  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Original name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla zonata] (Guérin-Méneville)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Lasius virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> [|Oecophylla smaragdina var. virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla macra] (Guérin-Méneville)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina r. virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina st. virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina subsp. virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Echophylla virescens] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Unavailable, literature misspelling  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Junior synonym  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Formica smaragdina] Fabricius  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Original name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Obsolete combination  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Camponotus smaragdinus] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Obsolete combination  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Formica Smaragdina] Fabricius  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Obsolete combination  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla (Formica) smaragdina] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Obsolete combination  ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px;">**Included Taxa**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px;"> <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Groups below species level such as subspecies recognized as possessing distinct characteristics occurring usually because of geographic isolation <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**From**: [|Hymenoptera Online Database]
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Taxon || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Status  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Validity  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina fuscoides] Karavaiev  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">valid  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina gracilior] Forel  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">valid  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina gracillima] Emery  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">valid  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina selebensis] Emery  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">valid  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina smaragdina] (Fabricius)  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">valid  ||
 * <span style="color: #b13e0f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|Oecophylla smaragdina subnitida] Emery  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Subsequent name/combination  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">valid  ||

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Diagnosis = <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">How to tell this species from others <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">W. TL 8–10 mm. Yellowish red. Head quadrangular without mandibles; mandibles long, dentate, apical tooth acute and curved; clypeus strongly convex; antennae 12-segmented. Thorax elongate; pronotum convex, anteriorly narrowed into collar; mesonotum saddle-shaped; metanotum rounded above. Petiole elongate, scarcely nodiform; abdomen short, oval ([|Ghosh et al., 2005]).

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Description = <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Morphological features for species identification

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Original Description**
<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">The first description of this species published "**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Queen: ** //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Smaragdina //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> 1-2 FORMICA viridis, thorace flavo fublineato.   <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Habitat in India. Edler.  <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Magna, viridis. Antennae apice fubrufefcentes. Thorax craffus, elevatus, viridis, flavo fublineatus. Squama petiolaris, brevis, emarginata. Abdomen rotundatum, glabrum, viride. Alae magnae, albae, nervis ferrugineis" ([|Fabricius, 1775]). "**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Worker **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">: length about 4-10th of an inch; head long, triangular; antennae long; eyes large, medial; jaws triangular, pointed, with sharp teeth; thorax not furrowed; abdominal pedicle, long, low, narrow, linear; legs long ; colour of an uniform pale rufous.  <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Male**: 7-24th of an inch long; head diamond shaped; eyes lateral, small; thorax raised in front; abdomen small; wings reaching beyond the abdomen; of a rufous colour.  <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Female**:7-8th of an inch long ; head short, triangular; eyes lateral; three ocelli; thorax very large, wide ; abdominal pedicle wide in the middle as viewed from above, very thin laterally; abdomen large; wings reaching beyond abdomen; entirely of a pale shining green colour" ([|Jerdon, 1851]). <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">** Original Description References ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">** // Oecophylla smaragdina // **//. Formica smaragdina // Fabricius, 1775: 828 (q.) INDIA. Jerdon, 1851: 121 (w.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953e: 176 (l.); Crozier, 1970: 115 (k.). Combination in // Oecophylla //: Smith, F. 1860b: 102. Senior synonym of // viridis //: Smith, F. 1857a: 53; Taylor & Brown, D.R. 1985: 127; of // macra, zonata //: Roger, 1863b: 10; Dalla Torre, 1893: 176; of // virescens //: Mayr, 1872: 143; Taylor & Brown, D.R. 1985: 127. Current subspecies: nominal plus // fuscoides, gracilior, gracillima, selebensis, subnitida //. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">From: [|AntCat]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Adult Worker**
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Worker medium-sized, slender, slightly polymorphic. Head rather large, broader behind than in front, with rounded sides and posterior corners and semicircularly excised occipital border, very convex above. Eyes large, convex, broadly elliptical, situated in front of the middle of the head. Ocelli absent. Palpi very short, maxillary pair 5-jointed, labial pair 4-jointed. Mandibles long and large, triangular, with nearly straight lateral borders, a very long curved apical tooth and numerous short denticles along the straight apical border. Clypeus very large and convex, but not distinctly carinate, its anterior border entire or very feebly sinuate in the middle, depressed and projecting over the bases of the mandibles. Frontal area rather large, subtriangular; frontal carinae moderately long, subparallel. Antennae very long, 12-jointed, the scapes inserted some distance from the posterior corners of the clypeus, rather abruptly incrassated at heir tips; the first funicular joint very long and slender, longer than the second and third together, joints 2 to 5 much shorter, subequal, slender, the remaining joints except the last, shorter and distinctly thicker. Thorax long and narrow; pronotum longer than broad, evenly convex above, narrowed and colliform anteriorly; mesonotum anteriorly long and constricted, subcylindrical, suddenly broadened behind where it joins the small, short, unarmed epinotum, which is rounded and convex above and without distinct base and declivity. Petiole long and slender, much longer than bioad, subcylindrical, with a very low rounded node near its posterior end, its ventral surface near the middle more or less convex, its posterior border on each side with a small rounded, projecting lamella, appearing like an acute tooth when the segment is viewed from above. Gaster short, broadly elliptical, its first segment suddenly contracted to the petiole, the tip rather pointed. Legs very long and slender; claws, pulvilli, and last tarsal joint enlarged. Gizzard with long slender sepals, which are not reflected at their anterior ends ([|Wheeler, 1922]).

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Phylogenetics = <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Position of the species relative to other ant species on the Tree of Life <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">(Estruc et al., 2004 "Maximum-parsimony consensus tree from 1000 bootstrap replicates, obtained from the “Total Evidence” dataset, in the 35 species where both // abd-A // and //Ubx//sequences are available. Percentage of 1000 bootstrap trees are indicated.". Phylogenetic Tree. Feb 2004. URL: [] (accessed on 2 Nov 2011).  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the group 1 was established first, followed by the dispersal from Asia to Australia through Sulawesi and New Guinea but perhaps not through Lesser Sunda Islands. After the ancestral colonies reached Australia and New Guinea, settled in, and started to disperse, //O. smaragdina// diverged into the present populations in the area of group 2. The radiation in group 2 is estimated to have started in the middle Pleistocene, and this dating is consistent with the transgression and regression of the land area in Asia ([|Azuma et al., 2005]). <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">(Azuma et al., 2006 "Neighbor-joining tree using all substitutions based on the GTR+I+R model inferred from 56 of the concatenated sequences of the COI gene (1,026 bp) and the Cytb gene (647 bp) in //Oecophylla smaragdina//, with //O. longinoda// as an outgroup. //Numbers above or below branches// are bootstrap probability values derived from 1,000 replications; //adjacent numbers in parentheses// are bootstrap values (%) for the same nodes based on weighted maximum parsimony analyses from 300 replications". Phylogeographic Tree. Jan 2006. URL: [] (accessed on 26 Oct 2011). ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">The Formicinae subfamily behaves as a stable group. //Formica// (Formicini) and //Lasius// (Lasiini) seem related, being always part of the same clade. //Oecophylla// (Oecophyllini) seems more closely related to the Camponotini than to //Formica// and //Lasius// in the tree obtained (Fig. 4) ([|Estruc et al., 2004]). <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">[[image:phylogeny.jpg]]

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Type Information = <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">First specimens from which original descriptions of the species were made, with storage location. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: justify;">** //Oecophylla// ** Smith, F. 1860b: 101. Type-species: // Formica virescens // (junior synonym of // Formica smaragdina //), by subsequent designation of Bingham, 1903: 310. <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> 1. //Formica smaragdina// Fabricius, J. C. (1775). Systema Entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Kortii : Flensburgi et Lipsiae xxvii. 832 pp. [p. Appendix, 828] (combination as //Oecophylla smaragdina// by Smith 1860:102]. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> ** Type Material: Syntype, India (ZMUK (Kiel): 2 workers). Currently on loan to Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen. Both specimens are alates and not in very good condition, they show evidence of dermestid attack. ** References: Smith, F. (1860). Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr A.R. Wallace in the Islands of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyne, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 4 (suppl.) : 93-143 pl. 1 [taxonomy, p. 102]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> 2. //Formica virescens// Fabricius, J. C. (1775). Systema Entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Kortii : Flensburgi et Lipsiae xxvii. 832 pp. [p. 392] (junior synonym of //Oecophylla smaragdina// by Mayr 1872:143). <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> References: Mayr, G. (1872). Formicidae Borneenses collectae a J. Doria et O. Beccari in territorio Sarawak annis 1865-1867. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. 2 : 133–155 [taxonomy, p. 143]
 * Type Material: Syntype, Australia (as New Holland) (BMNH (London): 2 workers). **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> 3. //Formica viridis// Kirby, W. F. (1819). A description of several new species of insects collected in New Holland by Robert Brown, Esq. F.R.S. Lib. Linn. Soc. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 12 : 454–478 [p. 478] (junior synonym of //Oecophylla smaragdina// by Smith 1858:17). References: Smith, F. (1858). Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 6. Formicidae. London : British Museum. pp. 1–216. [taxonomy, p. 17] From: [|Australian National Insect Collection Database]
 * Type Material: Syntype, northern Australia (BMNH (London): worker). **

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**Type Localities**
<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Where the type specimens were collected from <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Type location **India** (//Formica smaragdina//, Fabricius, 1775: 828, queen; Jerdon, 1851: 121, worker & male); subspecies (in Bolton, 1995: 298) //fuscoides// (Karavaiev, 1933a: 315, worker) from **Java**, //gracilior// (Forel, 1911b: 208, worker & queen) from Java, //gracillima//(Emery, 1893a: 195, worker) from **Indonesia**, //selebensis// (Emery, 1893a: 195, worker) from **Sulawesi** and //subnitida// (Emery, 1892d: 565, worker) from **New Guinea**; junior synonyms //viridis// (//Formica viridis//, Kirby, 1819: 478, worker; synonymy F Smith, 1857a: 53; Taylor & Brown, 1985:127) from **Australia**, //macra// (Guérin-Méneville, 1831, illustrated, worker) from "Offack", //virescens// (Fabricius, 1775: 392, worker) from Australia; and //zonata// (Guérin-Méneville, 1831: 205, queen) from "Port Praslin". <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">From: [|Ants of Africa] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//Oecophylla smaragdina// (Fabricius, 1775 [|Ref.2636]): 828 (appendix) - Worker; Type locality: India. (Formica smaragdina) (Current Combination: Fr. Smith; 1860 [|Ref.1228] : 102). //= virescens// (Fabricius, 1775 [|Ref.2636]): 392 - Worker; Type locality: New Holland (probably Queensland) (Formica virescens) (Synonymy: Mayr; 1872 [|Ref.1922]: 143). //= viridis// (W. Kirby, 1818): 478 - Worker; Type locality: northern Australia (probably Queensland) (Formica viridis) (Synonymy: Fr. Smith; 1858 [|Ref.1223]: 17). <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">From: [|Japanese Ant Image Database]

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Literature and References = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Allan, R.A. and Elgar, M.A. 2001. Exploitation of the green tree ant, //Oecophylla smaragdina//, by the salticid spider //Cosmophasis bitaeniata//. Australian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 49, pp. 129-137. ( [] )

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Astruc, C., Julien, J.F., Errard, C., Lenoir, A. 2004. Phylogeny of ants (Formicidae) based on morphology and DNA sequence data. //Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution//, Vol. 31, Issue 3, pp. 880-893. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Azuma, N., Ogata, K., Kikuchi, T. and Higashi, S. 2005. Phylogeography of Asian weaver ants, //Oecophylla smaragdina//. //Ecological Research//, Vol. 19, No. 11, 1321-1328. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Césard, N. 2004: Harvesting and commercialisation of kroto (//Oecophylla smaragdina//) in the Malingping area, West Java, Indonesia. In: Kusters, K. & Belcher, B. (Eds.): //Forest products, livelihoods and conservation. Case studies of non-timber forest product systems//. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, pp. 61-78. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Chapuisat, M. and Keller, L. 2002. Division of Labour Influences the Rate of Ageing in Weaver Ant Workers. //Proceedings: Biological Sciences//, Vol. 269, No. 1494 (May 7, 2002), pp. 909-913. ([]) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Chung, A. 1995. //Common Lowland Rainforest Ants of Sabah//. Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah. 60 pp.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Cole, A.C. Jr., and J.W. Jones, Jr. 1948. A Study of the Weaver Ant, //Oecophylla smaragdina// (Fab.). //American Midland Naturalist//, Vol. 39, No. 3 (May, 1948), pp. 641-651. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Crozier, R.H., Newey, P.S., Schluns, E.A. and Robson, S.K.A. 2010. A masterpiece of evolution – //Oecophylla// weaver ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). //Myrmecological News//, Issue 13, pp. 57-71. ([]) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Dirks, J. and Federle, W. 2011. Mechanics of Fluid Production in Smooth Adhesive Pads of Insects. //Journal of the Royal Society.// Vol. 8, pp. 952-960. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Fabricius, J.C. 1775. //Systema Entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis//, //descriptionibus, and observationibus.// Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae. p. 828. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Ghosh, S.N., Sheela, S. and Kundu, B.G. 2005. Ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) of Rabindra Sarovar, Kolkata. //Records of the Zoological Survey of India//, Occasional Paper No. 234 : 1-40 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Jerdon, T.C.1851. A catalogue of the species of ants found in southern India. //Madras Journal of Literature and Science//. Vol. 17, pp. 103-127. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Newey, P. 2011. Not one odour but two: A new model for nestmate recognition. //Journal of Theoretical Biology//, Vol. 270, Issue 1, 7 February 2011, pp. 7-12. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Oudhia, P. 2002. Traditional medicinal knowledge about red ant //Oecophylla smaragdina// (FAB.) [Hymenoptera; Formicidae] in Chattisgarh, India. – //Insect Environment// Volume 8, pp. 114-115. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> Schlüns, E., Wegener, B., Schlüns, H., Azuma, N., Robson, S. K. A. and Crozier, R. H. 2009. Breeding system, colony and population structure in the weaver ant //Oecophylla smaragdina//. //Molecular Ecology//, Vol. 18, pp. 156–167. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Sinzogan, A.A.C., Van Mele, P. and Vayssieres, J.F. 2008. Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to fruit flies and the weaver ant //Oecophylla longinoda// in mango production. //International Journal of Pest Management,// Volume 54, pp. 241-246. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Sribandit, W., Wiwatwitaya, D., Suksard, S. and Offenberg, J. 2008. The importance of weaver ant (//Oecophylla smaragdina// Fabricius) harvest to a local community in Northeastern Thailand. //Asian Myrmecology//, Vol. 2, pp. 129-138. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Tsuji, K., Hasyim, A., Harlion and Nakamura, K. 2004, Asian weaver ants, //Oecophylla smaragdina,// and their repelling of pollinators. //Ecological Research//, Vol. 19, pp. 669–673. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition. //Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History//, 45:xi+ 1139. ([]) <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">**Other Resources** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">1. Naturia: [] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">2. Ants Down Under: [] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">3. AntWeb: [] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> 4. AntArk: [] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">5. Encyclopedia of Life: [] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">6. Hymenoptera Online Database: []

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Feedback/Comments = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">include component="comments" page="Oecophylla smaragdina" limit="10"

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Genbank Records =
 * <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|Entrez] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|PubMed] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|Nucleotide] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|Protein] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|Genome] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|Structure] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|PMC] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|Taxonomy] || <span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none;">[|Books] ||


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Search for as complete name wild card token set phonetic name taxonomy id lock ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">levels using filter: none mapview has genome sequences has trace records ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//Taxonomy ID:// 84561 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//Inherited blast name://**ants** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//Rank:// species <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//Genetic code:// [|Translation table 1 (Standard)] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//Mitochondrial genetic code:// [|Translation table 5 (Invertebrate Mitochondrial)] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> [|//Lineage//] //( full )// [|cellular organisms] ; [|Eukaryota] ; [|Opisthokonta] ; [|Metazoa] ; [|Eumetazoa] ; [|Bilateria] ; [|Coelomata] ; [|Protostomia] ; [|Panarthropoda] ; [|Arthropoda] ; [|Mandibulata] ; [|Pancrustacea] ; [|Hexapoda] ; [|Insecta] ; [|Dicondylia] ; [|Pterygota] ; [|Neoptera] ; [|Endopterygota] ; [|Hymenoptera] ; [|Apocrita] ; [|Aculeata] ; [|Vespoidea] ; [|Formicidae] ; [|Formicinae] ; [|Oecophyllini] ; [|Oecophylla] ||   |||| <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Entrez records** || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">External Information Resources (NCBI LinkOut) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">//Notes://Groups interested in participating in the LinkOut program should visit the [|LinkOut home page] .A list of our current non-bibliographic LinkOut providers can be found [|here] .To see LinkOut links in this lineage click [|here] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Information from sequence entries ====<span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|Show organism modifiers] ====
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Oecophylla smaragdina
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Database name || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Direct links ||
 * <span style="color: #0000a0; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Nucleotide || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|170]] ||
 * <span style="color: #f00000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Protein || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|139]] ||
 * <span style="color: #606090; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Popset || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|17]] ||
 * <span style="color: #804000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">PubMed Central || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[&pmfilter_Fulltext=off|21]] ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Taxonomy || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|1]] ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">LinkOut || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Subject || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">LinkOut Provider ||
 * <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">DNA barcoding : Oecophylla smaragdina || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">taxonomy/phylogenetic || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Barcodes of Life ||
 * <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Oecophylla smaragdina || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">taxonomy/phylogenetic || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Catalog of Life ||
 * <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">taxonomy/phylogenetic || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Encyclopedia of life ||
 * <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Oecophylla smaragdina || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">taxonomy/phylogenetic || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Hymenoptera Name Server ||
 * <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">taxonomy/phylogenetic || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Integrated Taxonomic Information System ||
 * <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Oecophylla smaragdina || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">taxonomy/phylogenetic || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Plazi ||
 * <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Wikipedia || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">taxonomy/phylogenetic || <span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">iPhylo ||

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Disclaimer:** The NCBI taxonomy database is not an authoritative source for nomenclature or classification - please consult the relevant scientific literature for the most reliable information. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Comments and questions to info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov