Galeopterus+variegatus+(Sunda+Colugo)

//Galeopterus variegatus //Audebert, 1799
 * Sunda Colugo (or Malayan Flying Lemur) **

**One of a kind animal! **

 * 1) **Our distant relatives **
 * 2) **Special comb-shaped teeth **
 * 3) **Master gliders **
 * 4) **Unique marsupial-like reproduction **
 * 5) **Fastest digestive system**

Colugos are also known as ‘flying lemurs’ however, they neither fly nor are they lemurs! Instead they are able to glide from tree to tree. There are currently **only two species** of Colugos, making the order Dermoptera the **smallest of all the 26 mammalian orders**. While the colugos cannot be kept in captivity, the Sunda colugos can be found Singapore and the only way to see it is to go on an adventure! Sadly, not a lot is known about these secretive animals.

** S ingapore? WHERE? **
* Wild Colugos have even been observed at the Singapore Zoo!
 * Central Catchment Area
 * Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
 * Adjacent areas of mandai forest*
 * South of the Pan-Island Expressway (PIE), near Swiss Club Road

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=**Name **= <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">*It has an older name: <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //Cynocephalus variegatus//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Binomial: **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //Galeopterus variegatus// <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Audebert, 1799*

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In older literature, some names such as "flying cat", "cobego" or “Kubong” might still turn up.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Vernacular: ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Malayan Flying Lemur*, Malayan Colugo, Sunda Flying Lemur, Sunda Colugo
 * The name flying lemur is a misnomer as the Colugo neither flies nor is a lemur.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Etymology **
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Colugos are classified under the order Dermoptera which in Greek means "skin-wing" ( //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">derma // <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">refers to "skin" and <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //ptera// <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">refers to "wing"). Currently, under this order, there is only one family that is Cynocephalidae which in Greek means "dog-head" ( //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">cyno // <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">refers to "dog" and <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //cephalus// <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">refers to "head").

//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Variegatus // <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">is from the Latin term variegare which means "various". This indicates that the Sunda Colugo has a varied fur colour. There are so many different variants that there are **20 subspecies** described!

=**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Classification **=
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Order: ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dermoptera <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> **Familia:** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Cynocephalidae <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> **Genus:** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Galeopterus

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">“We (human beings) are more closely related to flying lemurs than we are to half-apes.” ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- Professor Ulfer Arnason of Lund University, Sweden Why is this relationship so important? It can help answer the question of the origin of primates and in so, humans. <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The colugos and primates may look nothing alike however, using molecular techniques, mammalian phylogenetic reconstruction studies have shown that the colugos, tree-shrews and primates clusters together (Martin, 2008). However, the placement of colugos in relation to primate evolution is still a matter of debate. While some evidence place tree-shrews and colugos together in a sister group to primates, others have advocated that colugos have a closer affinity to primates than to tree-shrews. Papers have even shown that the colugo clusters inside the primate tree and even as a sister taxa to higher primates (Arnason //et al.,// 2002; Schmitz //et al.,// 2002). ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Kingdom: Animlia <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Phylum: Chordata <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Subphylum: Vertebrata <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Class: Mammalia <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Subclass: Theria <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Infraclass: Eutheria <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Order: Dermoptera <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Family: Cynocephalidae <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Genus: Cynocephalus
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Species: <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //Galeopterus variegatus// (Audebert, 1799) **

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Subspecies **
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In 1929, Chasen and Kloss examined 125 skins and based on skull, size and colour, they created a classification key for 11 of the 20 known subspecies which are shown below in Table 1 as an abbreviated form (Lim, 2007).

__<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Table 1: Subspecies of ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //Galeopterus variegatus// __ <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Taken from Lim, 2007)
 * = **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Name ** ||= **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Characteristics ** ||= **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Location ** ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Galeopterus variegatus. variegatus // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Largest and darkest form ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Java, Indonesia ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. termmincki // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Smaller and paler than //G. v. variagatus// ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sumatra, Indonesia ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. peninsulae // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Size liker //G. v. termmincki//, sexes markedly different in colour ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Malay Peninsula/Penang/Singapore ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. taylori // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Same size or smaller than //G. v. peninsulae//, colour different (darker) ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tioman Island, Malaysia ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. natunae // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bunguran, Natuna, Anamba Island ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. borneanus // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Also small, colour highly variable ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Borneo and Banguey islands ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. chombolis // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Like //G. v. natunae,// but smaller ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Riau Archipelago, Indonesia ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. pumilus // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small and pale ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Butang islands, Straits of Malacca ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. terutaus // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Smaller than //G. v. peninsulae// ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Terutau and Langkawi islands ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. perhentianus // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small, narrow brain-case ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Perhentian islands, Malaysia ||
 * = //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G. v. aoris // ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small, dark, little rufous ||= <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pulau Aur, Malaysia ||

=**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Diagnosis **=


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">How do I know it’s a colugo? **

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It has a gliding membrane (called the patagium) enclosing all four limbs and tail to its tip. <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It has a unique tooth structure in which the incisors have two roots and the lower incisors are comb-shaped. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 15pt;">One of a kind <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 19pt;">**comb-shaped** lower incisors
 * <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 15pt;">

||

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is sometimes confused with flying squirrels which differences are compared in Table 2 and the difference in the gliding membrane.

__<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Table 2: The characteristic differences between flying squirrels and colugos __ Note: While there are only two different species of colugos, //Cynocephalus volans// (Phillippine Colugo) can only be found in Philippine. It is much smaller compared to the Sunda Colugo and has differences in the craniodental region which might be due to differences in feeding ecology. The Philippine colugo has larger teeth with deeper mandibles and canine-like incisors (Stafford & Szalay, 2000).
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Differences ** ||  **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Colugo **  ||  **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Flying Squirrel **  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Teeth || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Lower incisors are comb-shaped  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Rodent pattern  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Gliding membrane || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Completely enclosing limbs to the toes and to the tip of the tail.  || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Extended to ankle and wrist only.  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;"> Supported by an extended bone of the wrist.  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;"> Tail is completely free of an enclosing membrane.  ||

=**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Description **=


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Adult **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Size: ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Head and body: 380 mm, Tail: 280 mm, Hindfoot: 65 mm, Skull: 70 mm, Weight: 1 kg (Harrison, 1974)


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Color: ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Body often brownish grey with dorsal irregular paler spots however, fur colour and pattern varies with geographic location.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Head: ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small head which is broad and flattened with large forward-facing eyes, small, rounded, almost naked and pinkish in colour ears.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dentition: ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Incisors have two roots. Lower incisors look like "finely-toothed combs" (Payne <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //et al.,// <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1985). Dental formula is: (Incisors 2/3, Canines 1/1, Pre-molars 2/2, Molars 3/3) x 2 = 34 (Walker, 1983)


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Body: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Underside of patagium is hairless and pink.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Feet **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: Broad; all digits end with sharp and curved claws

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Note: Females have a single pair of mammae located near the armpits (Walker, 1983)



=**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Where to find them? **=

**<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Current distribution **
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Singapore <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Malaysia <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Western Indonesia <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Southern Myanmar <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Southern Thailand <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Indochina* <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">*Populations are poorly documented and are significantly smaller (about 20%) than the Sunda Colugo. Hence they might be a different species.

**<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Habitat **
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Sunda Colugo belongs to the tropical rainforests where there is heavy rainfall year round. They can be found in both primary and secondary forest. Sometimes, they also spread out to nearby plantations (e.g. coconut plantations reported by Tweedie, 1978).

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lim, 2007 discussed that while they are found in secondary forests, primary forests are more favourable as there are taller trees which provide a greater three-dimensional space for these arboreal animals. There is also a greater biodiversity of flora for generalist (i.e. it eats a variety) colugos. Moreover, there is a larger number of older trees which are the source of cavities that Colugos use as refuge and rest.

=**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Biology **= <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is an arboreal animal. It is largely nocturnal but can sometimes be active in the morning and late afternoon (Payne <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //et al.,// <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1985). It is usually seen clinging to the side of a tree trunk, gliding between trees or hanging upside-down from a branch ("looking like a tattered old umbrella" - Harrison, 1974 or "sloth fashion" - Anderson & Jones, 1984). However, very little is known in particular to Sunda Colugos such as its diet, life history and its role in the rainforest (Lim, 2007).

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Vegetarians **
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Their natural diet consists of young leaves, leaf shoots and flower buds (Lim, 2007).



In captivity, it has shown to eat soft fruits, lettuce and leaves of the wild passion fruit. However, there is no successful diet for the adults. The young can survive for some time on reconstitued powdered milk however, it eventually becomes distended with wind and die shortly after (Medway, 1983).

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The diet may also contain sap from plants. In Poring, a colugo was seen licking fluid oozing from a cut on a coconut tree trunk during a heavy rain (Payne <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //et al.,//1985). However, why Sunda Colugos are usually seen licking tree trunks, is still unknown. They could be feeding on sap, or lichens for nutrients, or even licking for traces of mineral or salts (Lim, 2007). Others suggest that it could be drinking " by licking water or moisture from tree bark, leaves, mosses or any other part of the tree using its tongue" (Dzulhelmi & Abdullah, 2009).



<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 15pt;"><span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18pt;">Fastest digestive system amongst arboreal folivores.
 * <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18pt;">

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It takes **about 14 ho**urs which is approximately only 2-10% retention time of other arboreal folivores. Hence, it is possible that Colugos have a reduce ability to digest fiber. This is supported by the observation of Colugos preferring young leaves instead of mature leaves (Lim, 2007). ||

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Family Life **
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Colugos are able to breed all year, producing a single young. There have been reports of twin births however, it is extremely rare. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 15pt;">Unique reproduction that is almost marsupial-like.
 * <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 15pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Despite colugos being placental mammals, their reproduction is unique and almost marsupial-like. The young is born naked and underdeveloped. It is cared for by the mother who holds it under the gliding membrane like a marsupial (Lim, 2007). When the mother glides, the baby is seen to hold on tight to the mother’s belly. ||

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 25px;">Can you hear me? **
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Sunda Colugos are usually quiet however, it has an alarm call which is described as a "loud ripping sound" (Parr, 2003). When two males are fighting and chasing, the sound is audible from a distance and is described as cracking or ripping sound. Lim, 2007 describes it as "ripping of a thick piece of cardboard". They also produce a wailing sound when caught and handled (Lim, 2007).

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Locomotion **
<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 15pt;"><span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18pt;">Master gliders with the most extensive gliding membrane amongst the gliders. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18pt;">

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Colugos are able to glide by the use of its patagium (gliding membrane). This allows them to move through the canopy without needed to touch the ground. They are able <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">to **travel up to 145 m in a single glide** and the total horizontal distance travelled by gliding per night by an individual was found to range from 130 to 1342 m (Brynes //et al.,// 2011). However, evidence from Brynes //et al.// study in 2011 showed that gliding is not an economical mode of locomotion as they have a lower average angle of descent compared to other gliding mammals.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">"Cute" eyes **
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Being a nocturnal animal, the Colugo's large forward-facing eyes are able to gather sufficient light for it to interpret its surrounding. The colugo possesses tapetum lucidum which is a reflecting tissue that acts as a "mirror" to reflect light back through the photosensitive layers hence aiding in vision in dim conditions. This creates the phenomenon known as "eye-shine". It has stereoscopic vision which allows depth perception which is important for the Colugo to judge distances accurately for safe gliding (Lim, 2007).

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sometimes, between sexes, the colugos can have eye contact for up to an hour which could be an introductory act before courtship takes place (Dzulhelmi & Abdullah, 2009).



= Current Status =

Based on the IUCN red list, the Sunda Colugo is currently classified as least concern in 2008. While it has been noted that the species is declining, the rate of decline is not fast enough for it to trigger listing in other categories of higher concern.

However, within Singapore, The Colugo is classified as "vulnerable to extinction" in the Singapore Red Data Book, 1994. This was based on a population estimate of 200. This has recently been proven somewhat too low as an Honours project conducted by Lim in 2003 gave a preliminary census that an estimate of as many as 1500 might inhabit 2000 ha of forested area in Singapore.

In the news
While all vertebrates in Singapore's rainforest is protected against killing and capture, it is still fairly unregulated. In 2006, a mother and baby Sunda Colugo were shot down by three men with slingshots in MacRitchie Nature Reserve. The mother colugo died while the baby was cared for by the rangers had to be put to sleep after a week as it could not survive captivity without its mother.



Rescue and Release In March 2006, a colugo was rescued after it reportedly crashed into someone's house. It was then put under the care of the CNR (Central Nature Reserve) volunteers. Read about it in their blog by clicking the pictures below for the various entries.

= = =**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Websites **=

ARKive BBC Nature Boscage [|Colugos.com] [|Ecology Asia] EOLspecies IUCN Red List [|New World Encyclopedia] [|Project Noah] Tree of Life University of Michigan Museun of Zoology

=Contacts= Author of webpage: Ou Yang Xiuling Last edited: 16 November 2011 Email: xiuling.ouyang@gmail.com

=**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Literature and References **=

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<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tweedie, M. W.F. (1978). //Mammals of Malaysia//. Longman, Kuala Lumpur

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Walker, E. P. (1983). //Mammals of the World Volume 1//. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 250-252