Amata+huebneri

= //Amata huebneri// – Hübners Wasp Moth =





//Amata hubneri// is a day flying moth in the superfamily Actiinae of tiger moths and woolly bears. It is the smallest species in its genus. It can be found all over Singapore and most of Southeast Asia and yet little is known about its ecology and life cycle. In addition it is a member of a phylogenically uncertain and continually changing branch of the tree of life which obscures what information there actually is. The page aims to collect and present a large chunk of the information that exists on the species

Life history
Not much is known about the ecology of different life stages of //Amata huebneri//.

Larva
Photos, illustrations or even descriptions of the larvae, caterpillars, of the moth is very hard to find, they are however documented to feed on a rice, //Oryza sativa //[1]. Common features of all caterpillars in Arctiinae is secondary setae that make the caterpillar fluffy [2], hence the common name woolly bears. One article lists //Amata huebneri// as a minor species attacking //Mikania micrantha//, a mile a minute weed, in peninsular Malaysia [3].

Adult
There is no formal documentation on adult feeding habits [4] but videos and photos show them feeding on, and therefore pollinating a variety of flowers. The species can be found in various places around Singapore, this video is showing Hübners wasp moth feeding with its probiscus on a coatbutton flower, //Tridax procumbens//.

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**Mimicry**
As its common name suggests //Amata huebneri// is a wasp mimic. Other genera are made unpalatable or poisonous due to their diet [4], however, no species of //Amata// are known to be so. Therefore Hübners wasp moth is likely a batesian mimic despite its diet being largely unknown, predation is reduces even though the moth itself is eadible since predators learn to avoid eating thing with this color and pattern.

**Mating**
//Amata huebneri// copulates, as most other moths, facing opposite directions with posterior ends of abdomen meeting [5] as in the video below. Wings are held horizontally which is common among //Amata// species [5]. In most cases the females head will be pointing upward (to the sky) during copulation, one source indicates that this might not be the case in //Amata huebneri// but results are not conclusive [5].

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Concervation and Ecological importance
The conservation status of //Amata Huebneri// has not been assessed be IUCN [6]. Likely the species is currently of least concern but it is concerning that we know so little of its life cycle. It is notable that the caterpillars have been found to feed on rice since this might be of economical importance would the species to become a pest under particular circumstances. Hübners wasp moth caterpillars must, however, have some other host plant in Singapore since they are reproducing here as well. What this plant or plants might be is unknown as far as I know.

On the other hand there might be unknown interactions the pollinating adults and flowering plants or with predators. Disruption of these trophic web interactions might have dire consequences of hardly any at all, we just don't know. This is not a one off thing, many common insect species, especially in the tropics, are poorly studied. Many, more cryptic and night active genera, are even worse of than //Amata//.

Is It really //Amata huebneri//?
Many other species of //Amata// look similar to //A. huebneri//. Most are distributed through other parts of Asia or are African species. Investigating the distribution of a species can be of great help in avoiding misidentifications.

Distrubution of //Amata huebneri//
A. huebneri is present in most of south-east Asia, including Singapore, as well as in northern parts of Australia [7].

//Amata dilitata//
The only other **Singapore** native species that might cause misidentification is //Amata dilitata//. This species has similar wings and pattern but is **brown** rather than black, with **yellow windows** and only one large window on the hind wing [8].

//Amata trigonophora//
It might also be confused with //Amata trigonophora// since the pattern of body and wings are fairly similar. //Amata trigonophora// is not native to south east Asia but the species might overlap in north-eastern **Austrailia**. //A. trigonophora// can however easily be distinguished by **larger size**, it has a wingspan of about 30 mm [9], and by the **yellow coloration of its wing windows**.



//Amata passalis//
//Amata passali// is native to **India** and **Sri Lanka** which mean that its distribution might overlap with //A. huebneri// in these places and the species seem to often be mistaken for each other. //Amata passalis// can be recognised be the **different patterns of the wings**, by having **two orange lines on the over side on the thorax** and by being **larger**, 36-44 mm [10]. The video bellow claimings to be showing egg laying in //Amata huebneri//, based on the apperance of the moth and the fact that it was filmed in India it is likely not //A. huebneri// but //A. passalis//. In any case it is a nice video of egg laying in //Amata//.

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Morphology
//Amata huebneri// is small moth with a wingspan of 22-24 mm [10], black with orange markings. Important morphological features are summarized in the table and in the picture to the right.

Serrated in males, simple in females [11]. || Cylindrical with rounded, posterior end with tuft of black hairs. ||
 * < **Feature** ||< **Description** ||
 * < Antennae ||< Moderate length (shorter than fore wing), black with white apical segments.
 * < Abdomen ||< Black with six, thin, orange stripes in males, five in females [10].
 * < Thorax ||< Black, notum (over side of thorax) with orange markings as well as streaks of blue hairs (usually not visible to naked eye) ||
 * < Wings ||< Black with translucent windows on fore and hind wings as picture (below). ||

Original description
The original description was published in 1829 by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in a monograph on moths. The description is in French and under the original species name //Syntomis hubneri// [12].

Synonyms
In the first description Biosduval placed the species in the genus //Syntomis// but the genus has been changed multiple times since then, as has the species epithet. The following is a list of synonyms to the accepted name //Amata huebneri// (=hubneri or hübneri) [13]:
 * //Syntomis hubneri//
 * //Syntomis marsdeni//
 * //Syntomis xanthomela//
 * //Syntomis marsdeni//
 * //Naclia cingulata//
 * //Buthysia sangaris//
 * //Syntomis contermina//
 * //Hydrusa pyrrhodera//
 * //Syntomis frustulenta//
 * //Syntomis sala//
 * //Amata sala//

Etymology: meaning of the name
Hübner is a Germanic name meaning farmer, possibly the species is named after the German lepidopterist Jacob Hübner. The latin word amata can be translated to beloved.

Expert identification methods
The genus //Amata// is a monophyletic group, best distinguished from closely related genera by having asymmetrical genitalia in both sexes [14]. Identification to species within the genera is also most reliable from characers of the genetalia. A 1966 publication by Obraztsov [11] includes a dichotomous key to species based on structure of male genitalia. Morphology of genetalia is often a good method of distinguishing cryptic species because the morphological differences are likely to cause, or in any case perpetuate, reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation is commonly an important part of the definition of what a species is.

Thankfully Obraztsov [11] also includes a key using more easily observable features. A rough translation of the final step in determining //Amata huebneri// reads: Hind wings with two, more or less, distinct spots. Antennae of male sawtooth, of female simple. Smaller species (Length of fore wing: up to 12 mm).



The subfamily containing //Amata//, Arctiinae, can be uniquely recogniced by the presence of a metepisternum tymbal organ (organ for creating clicking sound located on the sternum of the metathorax) and visible, dorsal pheromone glands in females[8]. However, these characters are lost in some taxa [15]. Species of tribe Syntomini are distinguished from the two other tribes in Arctiinae, Lithosiini and Arctiini, by the structure of aforementioned pheromone glands as well as by the fusion of certain hind wing veins [16].

Systematics
The systematics of the tiger moths and wooly bears, Arciinae, is far from set in stone. Change has been extensive the last 20 years and relationships between Arciinae and other taxa within the superfamily Noctuidea are still uncertain [17].

Taxonomy
The current, taxonomic placement of Amata huebneri is as follows [4][7][8]: Superfamily: Noctuoidea Family: Erebidae Subfamily: Arctiinae Tribe: Syntomini Genus: //Amata// Species: //Amata huebneri//

The table below summarizes some of the historical changes to the taxonomy of Arciinae. Knowledge of such changes is necessary for analysis of available literature. The book tiger moths and woolly bears from 20008 [17] and the website moths of Borneo[4], for example, places Syntomini in Syntominae instead of Actinae. In addition, genus //Amata// has previously been placed under subfamily Ctenuchinae[18].



Phylogentic research
Historically, much misclassification of the tiger moths has been due to distantly related species being superficially similar as adults [17]. Phylogenetic reconstruction yield very different results depending on whether morphological features are used or molecular data [17]. Of course, neither method gives one true answer, resuts depend on what morphological characters are used as well as what DNA is analysed and how. Phylogenetic studies of Arctiinae are few, Syntomini is even less studies and often underrepresented [4] and studies including Syntomini sometimes lack representatives from genus //Amata// [7]. No phylogenetic studies include //Amata huebneri,// all of these factors increases the uncertainty of its placement in the phylogenetic tree.

A 2014 paper [4] constructs a tree for some large taxa in Arctiinae including Syntomini with two species of genus //Amata// (not //A. huebneri//). The study uses MAFFT alignment of nine different sequences including one mitochondrial (COI) and 8 nuclear genes. Results show strong support for genus //Amata//(100/1) and tribe Syntomini(100/1) using maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probability. However, as mentioned, the limited sample size makes the results less reliable.



Another study from 2016 [18] investigating the phylogeny of the four tribes of Arctiinae including Syntomini also supports the monophyly of the taxon using maximum likelihood an Bayesian. This study uses almost the same set of genetic sequences, alignment is done using a software called MEGA 6 which supports both ClustalW and MUSCLE, the authors do not specify which is used. This study strengthens the support for Syntomini, however, it uncovers the paraphyly of other taxa [18]. The is still a long way to go. As far as I know, no studies have been done on the phylogenetic relationships on the 100+ species in genus //Amata.// Such studies might reveal valuable information. For example it might shed light on relatedness compared to similarity in pattern: Are the very similar species described earlier closely related or are the result of convergent evolution of wasp mimicking moths. Some of the species might prove not the be separate species at all by a phylogenetic definition of species, meaning they are genetically very similar even if observed to be reproductively isolated. But more commonly, use of the phylogenetic species concept (sensus Mishler and Theriot) leads to splitting of species. On the other hand, other species might not belong to the genus at all.

References [1] G. S. Robinson, P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni, L. M. Hernández (2001). Hostplants of the Moth and Butterfly Caterpillars of the Oriental Region. London: The Natural History Museum. p. 37. [2] W. E. Conner (2008). Tiger Moths and Woolly Bears: Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of the Arctiidae. UK: Oxford University Press pp. 11-30 [3] D. F. Waterhouse (1994). Biological Contol of Weeds: Southeast Asian Prospects. Australia: Australian Centre for Intemational Agricultural Research. [4] J. M. Zaspel, S. J. Weller, C. T. Wardwell, R. Zahiri, N. Wahlberg (2014. Phylogeny and Evolution of Pharmacophagy in Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). PLoS ONE 9(7). [5] A. Miyata, H. S. Yong, Y. Ikeda, H. Hasegawa (2003). Copulation postures in Lepidoptera (Insecta). Trans. Lep. Soc. Japan 54(1) pp. 47-67. [6] IUCN (2017). Accessed 2017-01-12. [7] R. Zahiri, J. D. Holloway, I. J. Kitching, J. D. Lafontaine, M. Mutanen, N Wahlberg (2011). Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Systematic Entomology 37 (1) pp. 102–124. [8] Ł. Przybyłowicz, W. Morek, B-K. Byun (2016). Taxonomic review of the tribe Syntomini (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 19 pp. 785–791 [9] D. Herbison-Evans, S. Crossley (2017). Australian Caterpillars and their Butterflies and Moths: A. huebneri. Accessed: 2017-11-13. [10] G. F. Hampson (1898). Catalogue of Lepidoptera[. British museum: London. p. 69. [11] N. S. Obraztsov (1966). [|Die palaearktischen Amata-Arten (Lepidoptera, Ctenuchidae)]. Müchen: Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. pp. 57-67. [12] J. A. Biosduval (1829). Essai sur une monographie des zygénides, suivi du tableau méthodique, des lépidoptères d'Europe. Chez Méquignon-Marvis: Paris. pp. 127-128. [13] M. Savela. Tree of life: Amata Fabricius , 1807. Accessed: 2017-11-13. [14] The Moths of Borneo (2017). Accessed 2017-11-13. [15] The Moths of Borneo: Syntominae (2017). Accessed 2017-11-13. [16] D. Herbison-Evans, S. Crossley (2017). Australian Caterpillars and their Butterflies and Moths: A. trigonophora. Accessed: 2017-11-13. [17] W. E. Conner (2008). Tiger Moths and Woolly Bears: Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of the Arctiidae. UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 11-30. [18] G. D. Schneider, L. Legal, W. Dierl, M. Wink (1999). Androconial Hairbrushes of the Syntomis (Amata) phegea (L.) Group (Lepidoptera, Ctenuchinae): A Synapomorphic Character Supported by Sequence Data of the Mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Z Naturforsch C 54(12) pp.1119-1139. [19] M. M. Zenker, N. Wahlberg, G. Brehm, J. A. Teston, L. Przybylowicz, M. R. Pie, A. V. L. Freitas (2016). Systematics and origin of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) in the Neotropical region. Zoologica Scripta 46 (3) pp. 348-362.