Monodonta+labio

//Monodonta labio// (Linnaeus, 1758) Toothed Top Shell Snail

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= 1. Nomenclature =

Scientific Name: //Monodonta labio// (Linnaeus, 1758)

Original Combination: //Trochus labio// Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms:
 * //Trochus novaezeelandica// Röding, P.F., 1798
 * //Monodonta immanis// Fischer, 1880
 * //Monodonta labio granulata// Pilsbry, H.A., 1890
 * //Monodonta melaurchelonis// Philippi
 * //Monodonta tuberculata// A. Adams, 1853

Common Name: Toothed Top Shell Snail, or Lipped Periwinkle

= 2. Description =

(i) Original Description
The genus //Monodonta// was first separated from Linnaen genus //Trochus// by Lamark in 1801, //T. labio// being given as the type 17]:


 * Genus //Monodonta// Lamarck, 1799 **

** "Shell imperforate, turbinate, ovate or globose-depressed, the periphery rounded; surface smoothed or spirally ridged; columella simple, arcuate or spread upon the base at its insertion; below tuberculate, swollen, ending in a tooth or simple; outer lip smooth or lirate within" ** 17]

(ii) Shell
15, 16] //For more details on the gastropod shell, click here.//



(a) Length of shell varies from 1.5 cm to 4.5 cm (b) Shell conical to **globose** in shape, asymmetrical, usually with a flattened base (c) Body **whorl** is swollen and the penultimate whorl somewhat less. (d) Shell displays a rounded **keel** (e) Shell thick and coarse with rough, grained surface having spirals of rounded bumps (f) Outside of shell extremely variable in colour, often grey or greenish grey (g) **Columella** has a single prominent, blunt **tooth** (//Mono donta// means 'one-toothed'); Single, large tooth-shaped structure at the shell opening is white and smooth (h) Inner edge of the outer **lip** shows a number of smaller knobs (i) Shell internally **nacreous** (j) **Umbilicus** present (k) **Aperture** usually rounded, **siphonal canal ** lacking (l) **Operculum** thin and of a horn-like material, with multi-spiral concentric rings



(iii) Animal
15, 16]

(a) Body pale (b) Large foot pale on the underside, mottled greenish on the upper side (c) Edge of mantle fringed with long tentacles (d) A pair of long tentacles at the head

= 3. Biology =

(i) Habitat
//M. labio// occurs in a wide range of intertidal habitats, including rocky, cobble and boulder shores as well as mangroves, but is more commonly found on sheltered or semi-exposed rocky shores 1, 7].

These snails can also be found on artificial substrates such as sea walls 9].



(ii) Feeding
|| media type="youtube" key="hoW1QxcUknU" width="473" height="355" align="right" || Photo: © 2013 Tsunokurage Permission granted ||
 * //M. labio// is a herbivorous snail that forages on the surfaces of rocks and boulders to feed on epilithic microalgae 13]. When inactive, it can be found resting in less conspicuous sites such as in rock crevices or under boulders.
 * Fig. 10. Monodonta labio grazing over rocks in Labrador Park. Photo: © 2014 Tan W. T. || Video showing mouth and foot of Monodonta labio during feeding.

Vertical Migration
In a study by Tanaka (1996a), //M. labio// was found to migrate vertically on the intertidal zone throughout the year and the direction of migration varied with the season and size of the snails. Smaller snails exhibited upward migration in summer whilst larger snails progressively migrated downwards to the lower intertidal zone throughout the year, most notably during summer 13]. Upward migration of smaller //M. Iabio// was postulated to be a result of the seasonal fluctuation in algal abundance, which affects growth rates of the snails. Small snails were found to migrate upwards from the middle to upper intertidal zone in summer during which the algal abundance in the upper zone became similar to that in the middle zone. Thus, //M. labio// may select and migrate between intertidal zones in response to algal abundance 13]. On the other hand, the downward migration of larger //M. labio// was hypothesized to be a result of larger snails seeking refuge from the high temperature in summer. The heat coma temperature of //M. labio// is 39.6°C so the snails need to relieve temperature and desiccation pressures during emersion periods 2]. It is probable that the lack of adequate refuges such as rock crevices, undersides of boulders and rock pools drives the downward migration of larger //M. labio// in summer 13].

Trail Following
Like most gastropods, //M. labio// secretes a thin layer of mucus over the substratum and glides over it, leaving behind a mucus trail 7]. Certain species of gastropods exhibit conspecific trail-following as part of aggregation and mating behaviours, as well as enhancing discovery of food sources 4, 5]. In the case of //M. labio//, experimental manipulations suggest that //M. labio// do not utilize trail-following for orientation but rather, for energetic benefits through reducing production of their own mucus or ingesting existing mucus 7]. Thus, it is possible that //M. labio// reaps energy savings in locomotion through trail-following.

(iv) Reproduction
//M. labio// is known to be a **dioecious** and **iteroparous** broadcast spawner spawning multiple times per reproductive season 14]. Eggs are laid singly in sea water and fertilization occurs externally 12]. Mature females of //M. labio// release their eggs gradually and always contained some eggs at any time during the spawning season. Having multiple spawning events within a single reproductive season is believed to be a response to unpredictability in recruitment success 14]. It also appears that the reproductive season of //M. labio// decreases with latitude, varying from two month in Asamushi, northern Japan, to seven months in Kyushu, Southern Japan 14]. A similar observation was also reported in another monodontine species, //Monodonta lineata//, in Europe 10]. It is postulated that a higher rate of repopulation failure in the northern regions due to temperatures being too low for successful establishment after spawning contributes to this latitudinal trend 10].

= 4. Distribution =

//M. labio// is an Indo-Pacific species of mollusc, occurring over a wide range of locations, including Central and East Indian Ocean, Indo-China, Indo-Malaysian Oceania, the Philippines, the Persian Gulf, West Indian Ocean to Micronesia, Western Pacific, Micronesia and Australia 3, 12].



Locally, //M. labio// can be found along many shores including natural rocky shores as well as artificial seawalls.



= 5. Diagnosis =

Keys are useful tools for the identification of molluscs. Below is a key provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (1998) to aid in the identification of common mollusc species occurring in the Indo-Pacific region, such as the //M. labio// 12].

(i) Comparison between similar families: Trochidae vs. Turbinidae
Shells of the family Trochidae may sometimes be confused with those of the Turbinidae. Some distinguishing morphological traits between the two families commonly occurring in the Indo-Pacific region is provided below 12].
 * Trochidae || Turbinidae ||
 * [[image:Trochidae.JPG width="463" height="355" align="center" caption="Fig. 14. Illustration of Trochidae shell. Illustration: © Poutiers, 1998."]] || [[image:Turbinidae.JPG width="428" height="351" align="center" caption="Fig. 15. Illustration of Turbinidae shell. Illustration: © Poutiers, 1998."]] ||
 * * Shell conical to globose, often with a flattened base
 * Aperture without a siphonal canal, nacreous within
 * Operculum corneous, nearly circular || * Shell thick, turbinate to conical; Outer sculpture often spiral to nodular
 * Aperture rounded, without a siphonal canal, nacreous within
 * Operculum strongly calcified ||

(ii) Comparison between similar species: //M. labio//, //M. australis//, //M. confusa// and //M. nebulosa//
Certain species of the genus //Monodonta// may look similar as well. Below is a table summarizing key diagnostic differences between //M. labio// and three other species of the genus //Monodonta// 17].
 * //Monodonta labio // [[image:Monodonta _labio.jpg width="435" height="265" caption="Fig. 16 (left). Monodonta labio shell. Photo: © Ben Boo. Permission pending. Fig. 17. Illustration of Monodonta labio. Illustration: © Tryon, 1889."]] || * Shell imperforate, globuse-turbinate, grayish-pink or greenish, mottled or longitudinally stripped with purplish-red or black
 * Whorls 6-7, slightly convex, spirally sculptured with coarse, irregular, coarsely granose lirpe, penultimate whorl bears 6, last whorl globose
 * Aperture oblique lined with a nacreous layer, the outer and basal lips margined with green, plicate within
 * Columella short, projecting and terminating as a square tooth-like prominence into the aperture below, forming a square notch between it and the oblique plications of the base

|| * Shell similar to //M. labio//, but with rounder whorls, more marked sutures, the lirse lower, not granulose, tessellated with black and grayish or greenish
 * Known to occur over a wide range, with an Indo-West Pacific distribution ||
 * //Monodonta australis //
 * Penultimate whorl subangulate by the prominence of its central rib
 * Columella much less strongly dentate than //M. labio//, and the notch or canal below it shallow
 * Basal plicre less developed than in //M. labio//

|| * Shell is shaped like //M. labio//
 * Known to occur in Japan, South Africa and in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar, Aldabra and the Mascarene Basin ||
 * //Monodonta confuse //
 * Colour is pink, longitudinally clouded with dusky markings
 * Penultimate whorl bears 5 or 6
 * There are no lirulte intercalated between the ridges on the last whorl, as is usually the case in //M. labio//
 * Ridges are very conspicuously and regularly cut into oblong sub-quadrangular or lozenge-shaped grains by vertical impressions as deep as the inter-liral grooves
 * Basal tooth of the columella is smaller and more acute than in typical //M. labio//


 * Known to occur in Japan, Singapore and the Philippines ||
 * //Monodonta nebulosa // [[image:Monodont_dama.jpg width="439" height="218" caption="Fig. 22 (left). Monodonta nebulosa shell. Photo: © 1992 Joop Trausel and Frans Slieker. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. Fig. 23. Illustration of Monodonta nebulosa. Illustration: © Tryon, 1889." link="@http://www.marinespecies.org/photogallery.php?album=702&pic=63069"]] || * Shorter, more globose than //M. labio//; nearly smooth
 * Colour cinereous, encircled by spiral series of narrow purplish or brownish oblong markings
 * Surface covered with minute narrow spiral ridges, scarcely elevated above the surface
 * Whorls about 5
 * Aperture large, oblique, outer lip finely plicate within
 * Columella short, ending in a smooth, but slightly salient basal tooth
 * Basal notch or canal not deep, nor dentate in the middle


 * Known to occur off the Red Sea and the Eastern Indian Ocean ||

= 6. Classification =


 * > Kingdom: || Animalia ||
 * > Phylum: || Mollusca ||
 * > Class: || Gastropoda ||
 * > Subclass: || Vestigastropoda ||
 * > Order: || Archaeogastropoda ||
 * > Superfamily: || Trochoidea ||
 * > Family: || Trochidae ||
 * > Subfamily: || Monodontinae ||
 * > Genus: || // Monodonta // ||
 * > Species: || // labio // ||

= 7. Phylogeny =

In an endeavor to construct the phylogeny of gastropod molluscs using morphological characters, Ponder and Lindberg (1997) analysed 117 characters from 40 taxa, predominantly ‘prosobranchs’. Of the 117 characters included in the analyses, nine are shell characters, two opercular, two muscular, four ctenidial, 12 renopericardial, 24 reproductive, 27 of the digestive system, 32 of the nervous system and sense organs; the remainder are developmental (3) and of the foot and hypobranchial gland 11].



Gastropods appear to be a monophyletic clade, and divide into two primary groups, the Eogastropoda (incorporating the patellogastropods and their (probably sinistrally coiled) ancestors) and the Orthogastropoda- the remainder of the gastropods. Orthogastropoda comprises several well defined clades, one of which is the vetigastropod clade encompassing groups previously included in the paraphyletic Archaeogastropoda (fissurellids, trochoideans, scissureiloideans, halioroideans pleurotomarioideans) as well as lepetodriloidean and lepetelloidean limpets and seguenzids 11].

= 8. Molecular Phylogeny =

Trochoidea is an extremely diverse superfamily of marine gastropods comprising of five families, namely Trochidae, Calliostomatidae, Turbinidae, Liotiidae and Solarielliidae. In particular, Trochidae is possibly the largest and most diverse trochoidean family with over 600 species distributed throughout the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans 6, 18]. In a recent molecular study of the gastropod family Trochidae, a total of 110 trochid species were sampled and four genes (i.e. nuclear 28S rRNA gene, 12S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) were analysed to reconstruct the Trochoidea family systematics 18].



Subfamily Monodontinae is shown to be monophyletic and redefined to consist of only three genera: the nominotypical genus //Monodonta// Lamarck, 1799 (four species), //Diloma// Philippi, 1845 (11 species) and //Austrocochlea// Fischer, 1885 (five species). The conventionally monodontine genera //Oxystele// Philippi, 1847 and //Osilinus// Philippi, 1847 are being shifted to subfamily Cantharidinae 18]. Another study on subfamily Monodontinae revealed new insights to the systematics of //Monodonta labio// which were not reported from morphological assays 3]. Analysis of two mitochondrial genes (16S and cytochrome oxidase 1, COI) and one nuclear gene (actin) extracted from the foot tissue of 30 species of monodontine topshells (family Trochidae) produced molecular data to construct well-supported phylogenetic trees (based on DNA sequences) 3].



At the species level, within //Monodonta//, the two Japanese taxa commonly referred to as //M. labio labio// and //M. labio confusa// are revealed to be genetically divergent. Thus, they are treated as separate species, //M. labio// and //M. confusa// respectively, as indicated in the phylograms. In addition, //M. labio// individuals acquired from Australia turned out to be genetically distinct from the Japanese //M. labio//, suggesting that the Indo-Pacific taxon //M. labio// may be a species complex harbouring **cryptic species** 3]. Hence, molecular data may reveal cryptic species in species complexes which would otherwise be difficult to elucidate based on morphology alone. Molecular data may thereby aid morphology in constructing and re-examining systematics of species.

= 9. Commercial Value =

Larger or more common species of Trochidae are a food source for coastal communities in parts of Southeast Asia and Southwest Pacific 12]. //M. labio// is known to be harvested for food in some regions such as in Amakusa, Japan. It is thought that the harvesting pressure of large //M. labio// by humans contributes to a smaller maximum size in Amakusa as compared to other regions in Japan such as Shima Peninsula and Kominato where //M. labio// is not eaten 8]. As the aperture of //M. labio// is nacreous inside, the shells may be exploited for shellcraft 12]. The entire shells are also gathered from various coasts around the world and sold to shell collectors.





= 10. Glossary = //Click on the term again to return to its original location within the main text//

Aperture: the opening of the shell Columella: the "little column" at the axis of revolution of the shell, often only visible when the shell is broken, or viewed as an X-ray image Columellar tooth: a raised projection on the inner lip of a columella in the direction of the aperture Cryptic species: a group of organisms that are typically very closely related but their precise classification and relationships cannot be easily determined Dioecious: a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct male and female individual organisms Epilithic: growing on the surface of rocks Globose: height and the width of the shell are approximately the same Iteroparous: reproduces multiple times over the course of its lifetime Keel: a spiral ridge marking a change in slope Lip: margin of the aperture Nacreous: iridescent, mother of pearl layer found on the inner shell of the mollusc Operculum: "trapdoor" to close the aperture of the shell Siphonal canal: an extension of the aperture in certain gastropods Umbilicus: deep depression on the under s towards the spire; found in shells where the whorls move apart as they grow Whorl:each one of the complete rotations of the shell spiral

=References=

[1] Chin, I. (2003) Variation in Monodonta labio among different intertidal habitats in Hong Kong. PhD Thesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

[2] Cleland, J. D. and McMahon, R. F. (1988) Upper thermal limit of nine intertidal gastropod species from a Hong Kong rocky shore in relation to vertical distribution and desiccation associated with evaporative cooling. In: Morton, B. (ed) Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern China, Hong Kong, 1986. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, p 1141–1152.

[3] Donald, K. M., Kennedy, M. and Spencer, H. G. (2005) The phylogeny and taxonomy of austral monodontine topshells (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trochidae), inferred from DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37: 474–483.

[4] Erlandsson, J. and Kostylev, V. (1995) Trail-following, speed and fratal dimension of movement in a marine prosobranch, Littorina littorea, during a mating and non-mating season. Marine Biology, 122: 87–94.

[5] Hawkins, S. J. and Hartnoll, R. G. (1983) Grazing of intertidal algae by marine invertebrates. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 21: 195–282.

[6] Hickman, C. S. and McLean, J. H. (1990) Systematic revision and suprageneric classification of trochacean gastropods. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, 35: 1–169.

[7] Hutchinson, N., Davies, M. S., Ng, J. S. S. and Williams, G. A. (2007) Trail following behaviour in relation to pedal mucus production in the intertidal gastropod Monodonta labio (Linnaeus). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 349: 313–322.

[8] Iijima, A. (2001) Growth of the intertidal snail, Monodonta labio (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) on the Pacific coast of Central Japan. Bulletin of Marine Science, 68 (1): 27–36.

[9] Lee, A. C., Tan, K. S. and Sin, T. M. (2009) Intertidal Assemblages on coastal defence structures in Singapore I: A Faunal study. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 22: 237–254.

[10] Lewis, J. R. (1986) Latitudinal trends in reproduction, recruitment and population characteristics of some rocky littoral molluscs and drripedes. Hydrobiologia, 142: 1–13.

[11] Ponder, W. F. and Lindberg, D. R. (1997) Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119: 83–265.

[12] Poutiers, J.M. (1998) Gastropods. In: Carpenter, K. E. and Niem, V.H. (eds) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO. p 1–686.

[13] Takada, Y. (1996a) Vertical migration during the life history of the intertidal gastropod Monodonta labio on a boulder shore. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 130: 117–123.

[14] Takada, Y. (1996b) Vertical variation in fecundity of the intertidal gastropod Monodonta labio caused by different growth rates between tidal zones. Ecological Research, 11: 371–379.

[15] Tan,L. W. H. and Ng, P. K. L. (1988) A Guide to Seashore Life. The Singapore Science Centre, Singapore.

[16] Tan, R. (2008) Toothed top shell snail //Monodonta labio//. @http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/mollusca/gastropoda/trochidae/labio.htm (Accesses 29 September2014).

[17] Tryon, G. W. (1889) Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic, with illustrations of the speices. Volume XI: Trochidae, Stomatidae, Pleurotomariidae, Halitidae. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

[18] Williams, S. T., Donal, K. M., Spencer, H. G. and Nakano, T. (2010) Molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families Trochidae and Calliostomatidae (Mollusca: Superfamily Trochoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54 (3): 783–809.